17---:-:-.

Studies on artisanal fishery in

developing countries

av

Maud Gruneau Mita Sawjani

Adress:

Telefon:

Institutionen for Vattenbyggnad Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola

Department of Hydraulics Chalmers University of Technology

i samarbete med

Institutionen for Byggnadsekonomioch- organisation Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola

Department of Building Economics and Construction Hanagement

STUDIES ON ARTISANAL FISHERY IN

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

av

Maud Gruneau Mita Sawjani

Examensarbete nr 1983:4 Inst.f. Vattenbyggnad

Examensarbete nr. 1984:15 Inst.f. Byggn.ekonomi och byggn.org.

Chalmers Tekniska Hi:igskola

412 96 Goteborg

81 01 00

Gi:iteborg 1984

.--...:

1.

1.1

1.2

2.

2. 1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5 2.51 2.52

2.6

2.7 2. 71 2. 72

2.8

2.9 2.91 2.92

2.10

2.11

3.

3.1 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16

3.2 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24

3.3 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Problems concerned with fishlanding places in developing countries

The purpose of the report

PRESENT SITUATION

Generally

Seasons and weather conditions

The beach and shoreline

Port conditions

Fishing boats and gears Boats Gears

Facilities on land

Hygienic aspects Landing stages Ice production and plant

Labour

Tradition Food tradition Fishing tradition

Transportation

Summary

INTRODUCTION MODEL

Section one; the size of the catch Season and weather condition Fishing ground Fishing species Fishing gear Fishing vessels Fishing tradition

·section two; the port -Beach and shoreline Harbour dimensions Construction materials Educational level

Section three; processing of the fish Transportation Food tradition Fish species Demand Distance to urban area Fish processing Water and energy Ice plant Hygienic and handling situation

1

1

1

4

4

5

5

6

7 7 7

7

8 8 8

9

9 9

10

10

10

13

14 15 15 15 16 17 18

20 21 21 22 23

24 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28

I

4.

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5.

5.1

5.2

5.3

5. 4

5.5

5.6

6 .

7.

8. ;:·< -

INTRODUCTION ON THE CASE Bi~r ~Ali

Objectives

Fishing seasons

Fishing craft

Fishing gear

Fish handling

Salting and drying of fish

Smoked fish

II

29

29

30

31

31

32

32

32

33

Marketing 33

THE PROJECT 34

Project objectives 34

Increased benefits from improvement of 34 the fish products

Projected fish landings 35

Ice requirements 35

Landings 36

Curing 36

SUMMARY ON THE INVESTMENT COSTS 37

CONCLUSION 38

APPENDIX 1

" 2

" 3 "~ 4

" 5

" 6

" 7

" 8

" 9

" 10

" 11

" 12

" 13

" 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY

III

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We like to thank for all the help we have got to make our

graduate work possible.

Our thanks to:

Prof. Yngve Hammarlund at the Division of Building

Economics and Organization

Prof. Anders Mattsson at the Department of Hydraulics

Scandia-Consult and especially Sten Munthe

Natural board of fishery

Ann-Marie Holmdahl and Gota Bengtsson, the Department

of Hydraulics, who helped us to type this document

Gothenburg December 1983

Mita Sawjani Maud Gruneau.

1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problems concerned with fishlanding places in

developing countries

In most of the developing countries, the existing or poten­

tial inshore fishing grounds are in proximity to coastlines

which present tremendous difficulties in the landing and

embarkation of the vessels used in this type of local

fishery operations. The equipment the fishermen use today

is very simple, at many places they do not even use net for

the fishing. The catch that fishermen gets is often just

enough for their own village while people inland has not

enough food.

Quite often the roadconnections are not well developed and

so the possibilities of distributing the fish to the inland

are not so good. To make the fish available inland it is

even necessary to have the right kind of equipment to keep

the fish fresh. It is also important to have in mind how

the tradition to eat fish is in other parts of the country.

The catch has to be handled properly until it reaches the

consumer. Other factors to think of before building landing

places are: if there is an ice plant, storage possibil­

ities, meteorological and hydrological data etc.

The factors mentioned above decide the possibilities of

developing and improving a landing place.

1.2 The purpose of the report

By developing the artisanal fishery in the third world some

functional and economical requirements are made. These

requirements are affected by the societies and the peoples

valuation.

The constructive design is affected by factors as top­

ography, climate conditions, raw material and so on. Each

2

constructive solution means a sacrifice of the resources.

The value of these resources depends on access and demand.

Access and demand depends on indigenous circumstances which

depends on international circumstances as variation in

trade conditions.

It is impossible to solve the problems by considering all

the affecting factors. While solving problems one must

thing of abstracting the factors which are most sig­

nificant from the real situation. All other factors has to

be ignored. All those relevant factors or variables are

combined in a logical way so that they can make a model of

the part of the reality which is connected with the prob­

lem.

The purpose of the report has been to structure the arti­

sanal fishery in different variables and connect them in a

logical way and make a model of the part of the reality.

These variables can be affectable or not affectable de­

pending on the aim of the project.

Controlled experiments are not possible in some cases. In

artisanal fishery it is in that way. In these types of

cases one must make a model of the real system and continue

the experiments on it. A model is constructed by looking at

the main quality of the reality. The condition of the

reality can be showed in the model.

The the above mentioned model is constructed by using the

system in an approach way. A system has got different parts

which are dependent on each other. Those parts which are an

integral part of a certain system can at the same time be

an integral part of another system. Each system has to be

defined. The definition decides what has to be studied.

Parts of a system are made of elements.

The element affects other elements and is also affected

itself by other elements. Quality of a system is decided by

3

the elements qua1ity as well as by the structure of the

system.

We started by acquiring knowledge about artisanal fishery

in developing countries today. We achieved this information

by studying the literature about fishery and feasibility

studies to get a methodology in the report. More informa­

tion was achieved by taking with skilled people. By

gathering all this information this report is structured in

the following way:

To begin with we have described the situation today. In the

next part we have made a model by putting together all the

information and structuring the problem in three main fac­

tors. In each of these main factors part factors are

studied in detail and how they affect each other.

At last we have tried to use the model and connect it with

a realistic case in Bi~r Ali, a fish landing place in

Peoples Democratic Republic of Yemen.

4

2. PRESENT SITUATION

2.1 Generally

The fish landing places in countries in the third world

seldom have port facilities for the boats and for the

handling of the fish. The landing places are often just a

part of a shore where the boats are taken ashore and left

without any protection.

The boats that are used are of canoe type, sometimes with

an outboard motor, and the fishing gears are often of very

primitive type. When the fishermen return from the fishing

tour their families stand on the shore waiting to help with

the unloading. The catch is then taken ashore in baskets

from the boats which are anchored out in the water. When

the catch is taken ashore then the fishermen drag the boat

up on the shore, in many places mancraft is the only help

they have for this job.

Part of the catch gets lost on its way from the sea to the

consumer because it is not handled properly, there is for

example no ice in the boat to chill the fish. The baskets

that are used to carry the fish are often handmade, and

sometimes when the catch is taken ashore from the boats the

baskets gets broken. The fish is just thrown in the sand

without any protection where it can be exposed to flies.

So, the catch is reduced in one way or another. The rest of

the catch will only be enough ·to feed the people in the

village.

Many of the landing places do not have any natural

protections and during the monsoon periods the fishermen

have to stay onshore. Even when the winds are not so strong

the fishermen have problems with the waves, for example

when they have to pass through the zone where the waves

brake and when the catches are taken ashore.

5

2.2 Seasons and weather conditions

The artisanal fishery around the coasts of Africa and Asia

depends on seasonal variations because of the strong winds

that blow part of the year.

The most common wind is the monsoon wind, which changes

direction. In the spring-summer it blows from southwest and

in the autumn-winter it blows from northeast. For example,

in Karnataka, India, the southwest monsoon blows from

May/June until early September. During this period the

fishermen are not able to fish but when the northeast

monsoon blows from October to December the artisanal

fishing can be.done.

The trade wind is not as common as the monsoon wind and it

blows only from one direction. This wind blows especially

on the west coast of Africa.

There are peak periods when the catch increases and if

these peak periods coincide with the strong winds the need

for a harbour increases.

2.3 The beach and shoreline

In areas with archipelago it is not difficult to find'a

landing place with natural protection. But in most places

the shore is open and unprotected, and it is in these areas

the biggest problems occur.

The beaches are of various kinds, some rocky, some stony or

sandy. Rocky beaches are not so good to land on ?S they

destroy the hull of the boats when they are taken on and

off the shore.

A major part of the world-s beaches are composed of sand.

Such beaches cause many problems. Most of these beaches are

located on exposed shores where wave action can be rather

6

heavy. They are generally subjected to tidal action and,

not least, they are exposed to littoral drift.

The littoral drift is one of the problems one has to deal

with on a sandy beach. Littoral drift is the movement of

sedimentary material in the littoral zone by waves and

currents. The littoral zone extends from the shoreline to

just beyond the most seaward breakers. The wind and the

tida-l action causes currents which CCJ.n be dangerous for the

fishermen and causes also littoral drift.

Outside some of the beaches there are organic reefs which

sometimes stabilize the shoreline and affect the naviga­

tion. One of the problems is how to pass the reefs. When it

is low water the boats cannot pass and when the water level

is high the waves break and the surfwaves that occurs are

difficult for the boats to ride on.

The biggest problem is the waves caused by the wind and it

is against this the protection has to be built.

2.4 Port conditions

There are few fishing harbours in relation to the require­

ments of the existing fishing fleet and the size of the

present catches. Many places do not have a port, only a

simple landing place directly on the beach. Existing ports

are not~always in good condition. Many of the ports have

small basins and short narrow wharves with simple rough

surfacing. The ports are often found to be poorly main­

tained and not equipped with facilities on land as ice­

plants, repair yards etc. Cleaning of the premises seems to

be done rarely and not always efficiently.

7

2.5 Fishing Boats and Gears

2.51 Boats

Wood is still by far the most commonly used boat building

material. In some places there is a shortage of wood and in

Guinea-Bissau for instance one tries to build canoes of

ferrocement instead.

The artisanal fishermen use outrigged, out hollowed canoes,

raft and vessels made of batten which they paddle or sail.

Motorized vessels are used in some areas.

When the fishermen return from fishing trips they drag the

boats up on the shore. This is very heavy work because they

seldom use appliances.

2.52 Fishing Gears

The catch that fishermen gets depends very much on the

equipment they use. The fishing tackles vary from place to

place and are often simple, in some places they do not even

use net.

Fishing methods can be gill-netting, handlining and fishing

by cash net. At some places, for example the Ethiopian

shoreline, the fishermen use gear that can be operated from

shore because of the poor manoeuvrability of these boats

and their dependence upon wind conditions. In many places

because of adverse wind conditions fish catches are spoiled

before they can be delivered.

2.6 Facilities on land

Facilities on land are not always sufficient.

Electric energy is needed for port operations, ice plants

and chilling rooms. Diesel and lubricants is necessary for

the fishermen-s vessels. Even if the villages are provided

with electricity there can be no provision of lighting on

8

the shore and hence boatmen must return to shore well

before dusk. Most of them return in the fore-noon in order

to ensure disposal of their catch in time.

At most of the fishing centres there is no boat building or

repairing yard. In the absence of a jetty, the boats are

anchored away from the shoreline. For repairs, they are

often dragged up on the open beach.

The combination of shallow inshore water and absence of

appropriate equipment makes dragging the boats ashore heavy

work.

2.7 Hygenic aspects

2. 71 Landing stages

Several of the landing stages on the coastline and in the

rivermouths in most of the developing countries are in­

adequate for berthing fishing boats. Many of them are

exposed and without protection from rough seas and adverse

weather conditions. There is little mechanical equipment

and the laborious work of unloading the fish has to be done

by the fishermen themselves and their families. Only with

much, and sometimes unnecessary, work the important and

very valuable catches can be landed. It seems that a con­

siderable quantity of the fish is lost due to inefficient

handling, unclean baskets, the heat of the sun and exposure

to flies. The remaining part of the fish is of good

quality. The large number of people available makes it

possible to land the catches quickly.

2. 72 Ice production and plant

Ice production is still inadequate to meet the needs of the

fishing industry, especially in the inland areas. The

quantity of ice, used in the retail fish markets varies and

sanitary conditions at these markets are poor. Fish are

usually left uncovered with the result that flies are

quickly attracted and the spoilage is high.

9

The fishermen should be adviced at least to cover their

fish and keep the hygienic standard better than what it is

today. As it is today the fish is often just layed directly

in the sand.

Prices at inland centres are higher than prices at fishing

centers, reflecting the costs associated with transporting

the fish to inland markets. The fish goes through many

middlemen before reaching the consumer which effects the

price too.

Today, most of the ice is used to preserve prawns and

quality fish during land transport from the district. Ice

is rarely carried on fishing trips. The canoes are not

equipped either to carry ice or for that matter to store

fish under satisfactory conditions.

2. 8 Labour

One of the problems in developing the small scale fishery

in developing countries is the very low educational level

of the people who are involved in the fishing sector. Even

if there is an ice plant and other modern facilities,

knowledge about maintenance is very low. It is hard to keep

the plant working when nobody can take care of it.

The countries in the third world have often a good supply

of low skilled labour.

2.9 Tradition

2.91 Food tradition

In many of the fishing villages in the third world people

are conservative and it is difficult to change their eating

habits. In many places it has not been possible to deliver

the fish inland, so the people there are not used to

consume fish.

10

2.92 Fishing tradition

As the fishermen are conservative it is also difficult to

introduce new types of fishing equipment. Each place has

its own local traditions.

For example at certain places fishermen are not willing to

go fishing for longer trips than one day. They want to come

back home before dusk because they do not want to spend the

night on their boats.

2.10 Transportation

Mostly the road connections are not well developed from the

fish landing places and in many areas the existing roads

are not useable in the monsoon period because of the heavy

rain. That has lead to that the fishing village has been

isolated and the fish they produce has just been for their

own village.

2.11 Summary

There are a number of problems in the small scale fishery.

When planning a harbour or a landing place in developing

countries, one should have those problems in mind and below

are these problems in a nutshell.

The fish is not handled in a right way during its way

from the fishermen to the consumer.

Road connections are not always good. Transportation

inland has to be organized well.

Fresh water is not always available for ice production

By using salt water the ice production machinery corrods

Shortage of fuel for the boats and electricity supply

11

The knowledge of how to use the modern machinery and

equipment is low

People inland does not always prefer to eat fish

None or small possibilities for fish processing

Fishermen~s aversion to spend the nights on their boats

People cannot always afford to pay for the processed

fish

Fishing boats and gears are often simple

Port conditions are not always good. It takes a long

time to unload the catch from the fishing boats

Lack of co-operativ to maintain i.e. their workstores,

distribution, store and repair yards.

12

3. INTRODUCTION MODEL

The factors we have described in the previous chapter tells

how fishing is done today. In this chapter we will try to

show how these factors influence on each other and how they

can be improved. The intention of the improvements

mentioned is to increase the living standard of the fishing

population and to increase protein supply to the poorer

part of the population.

We have tried to make a model where we have studied how

the way of the fish from the sea to the consumer is

effected by a number of factors. These are divided into

three sections. Each section has a main factor, these are:

Size of the Catch

The Port

Processing of the Fish

These main factors are affected by many other factors which

one has to study before taking any further steps in

developing the landing place.

The part factors can in some cases, but not always, be

influenced. It depends on the level of improvements of the

port.

In our model we have tried to develop the port with the

help of small achievements on local level. Factors that we

think cannot be influenced are:

Season and weather conditions

Fishing ground

Availability of fish

Fish species

Fishing tradition

Beach and shore line

Wave, wind, current, seasons, water depth

beach material

Construction material

Educational level

Transportation

Distance to urban area

Demand

Food tradition

13

Big resources are needed to improve these factors and as

the fishermen often are very poor, these factors cannot be

improved.

The factors that can be improved are:

Fishing vessels

Fishing gears

Harbour dimension

Size of available area

Water, energy

Ice plant

Knowledge about processing

Grade of processing

These factors are in our opinion the most important to

consider when the improvements of the port are studied.

In the model below we have first shown how the main factors

are affected by the part factors and then described these

in detail.

14

3.1 Section one. Size of the catch.

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15

3.11 Season and weather condition

The annual winds as the monsoon and trade winds create

difficulties to the artisanal fishery. The fishermen cannot

go out fishing during these periods, a seasonal fishing

arise.

Today~s fishing tradition has arised from the weather

conditions. If the fishermen shall be able to fish during

bad weather the boats and the landing places have to be

improved.

3.12 Fishing ground

The nearness to the fishing ground is of importance when

one has to decide where and how to build the port. It also

influence on the size of the vessels and the equipment to

be used. When the distance increases the vessels have to

be bigger and faster and the catch has to be taken care of

in a better way.

The fishing grounds which are located_near the landing

place are well known by the fishermen but those which are

at distance are unknown, because the vessels are too small

and it is difficult for the fishermen to find the fishing

grounds.

With help of a echo-sounder the fishermen would be able to

find the fishing grounds. With the artisanal fishery it is

not possible to fish on deep water so the fishing ground

has to be near the coast.

3.13 Fishing species

~bout 85 % of the world~s catch comes from the sea. Almost

two-thirds consists of surface-dwelling (pellagic) fish

such as anchoreta, herring, mackerel and tuna. Bottom­

living(demersal) fish such as cod, snapper and flunder,

make up the remainder of the marine catch. Because of this

16

the fishing grounds get different kind of species, to catch

these different kind of gears are needed.

During peak period, when the catch increases, the fishermen

ought to be able to fish. As it is today the fishermen are

not able to fish if the bad weather and peak period coin­

cides. Bigger vessels and better landing places are needed

when such conditions occur.

Certain kind of species are more valuable than other, this

is something the fishermen ought to have knowledge about.

3.14 Fishing Gear

The catch fishermen get depends on the equipment they use.

The gears they use today in the artisanal fishery are often

very simple, and the catch they get with these gears is

hardly enough for the fishing population.

The gears are in need of improvements but improving or

introducing a new sort of gear can meet difficulties. The

fishermen have to be shown how to use it and that it will

lead to an increase of the catch. Otherwise they probably

will continue to use the traditional gears.

By introducing new material in the traditional gears it is

possible to use the gears for a longer time and it will in

some cases be cheaper to produce. For example, regarding

fishing gear and methods, BBP has conducted tests over a

10-month period to improve the largest drift net, the most

popular in Sri-Lanka for pelagic fishing (surface­

dwelling) .

These trials have clearly shown that nylon net of finer

yarn are 25 % cheaper and 20 % more efficient than the

traditional ones used in the country.

If new gears are introduced the demand of new and bigger

vessels will in some cases increase. Before changing the

gears it has to be examined whether the gears that are used

are adjust to the environmental conditions.

17

3.15 Fishing vessels

The construction of the fishing vessels depends on the

tradition. The vessels have always been built in the same

way and since they work the people continue to build them

in the same way.

With a change in the type of vessels, gears and facilities

on board, the fishermen would be able to exploit more

distant fishing grounds and spend more hours fishing.

But the construction of the traditional vessel depends on

the environmental conditions and before changing the vessel

one has to check these conditions.

Traditional vessels can be improved by an outboard motor,

which makes it easier for the fishermen to move. But there

are problems with engines which have to be considered, for

example:

the price of fuel

availability of the fuel both in the country

and at the landing place

repair possibilities

availability of spare parts etc.

In certain cases it could be more advantageous to have a

combination of sail and motor to keep the costs down.

There has to be chilling possibilities on board when the

catch increases and the trips become longer.

If a protecting harbour is not to be built it is necessary

to have other facilities on land for example winches and

outhauler to make it easier to move the boats onshore. If

the shore is rocky there has to be some kind of ramp so the

hull is protected against the rocks.

FAO~s report "Small Harbour and Landing Places on Difficult

Coasts" gives recommendations about vessels and equipment

'.-~-.:--.-

18

that can be used during different weather conditions on

sandy beaches.

(i) Severe surf conditions (surf regu1ary between 1-2 m

high) with storms of short warning.

Artificial protection is likely to be inadequate or

uneconomic for the storm situation, so the boats must be

able to land on heavy surf and be hauled right clear of the

sea. For this purpose the multi-hull of approximately 12 m

length with winch and outhaul appears to be the most likely

solution.

(ii) Moderate surf (below 1 m) but with storm

of short warning

Multi-hull would be suitable for this purpose also but if

the fishing grounds are near to the landing point then

light mono-hulls of 9-10 m could be handled with winches

and outhauls.

Experiments with permeable wave screens should be made to

reduce the storm surf to allow safe landings under these

conditions and thus extend the range of fishing.

(iii) Moderate surf when storm are rare and with good

warning

Mono-hulls as in (ii) are likely to be suitable or

T-jetties for deeper craft in storm shelter is available

within reasonable distances. Multi-hulls could be used if

they were in other respects desirable.

3.16 Fishing Tradition

The tradition and the culture vary from place to place so

it has to be examined whether there are any traditional or

cultural hindrances before improvements are done.

19

For 'example, fishermen in developing countries are very

conservative, therefore it is difficult to introduce new

fishing gears and methods. They have to be convinced that

the catch will increase.

By giving people knowledge, the tradition can bechanged.

20

3.2 Section Two; The Port

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21

3.21 Beachand Shoreline

On a coast with archipelago there are no problems of

finding a landing place. Islands make natural protection

against wind and waves. But most of the coasts have not got

archipelago, they are open and unprotected, wind and waves

can expose the shore, and it is on those shores the biggest

problems occurs.

Sandy Beach

One of the biggest problems one has to deal with on a sandy

beach is the littoral drift. Solid structur.es are therefore

not good unless they can be placed on alignments such as

the T-head of a jetty where they do not disturb the

material transportation to such an extent that shoalings of

large magnitude will result. Accordingly most structures

may have to be provided with open-work design with little

wave protection to be expected.

If the maintenance costs for dredging, because of the

littoral drift, is too high, one ought to think of

improving the boats and equipment instead of building a

protecting harbour.

Rocky Beach

Rocky beaches are not so good for landing on, and where

they occur the landing facilities are tried to be put in

some other place, a gap or a bay or an inlet. If there is

an open rocky beach and there is no other place for

landing, a ramp ought to be built so the boats can be taken

on shore without destroying the hull, or, if the boats are

going to stay in the water, some kind of protection against

wave and currents is needed.

3.22 Harbour Dimensions

When the various stages of vessel and catch development has

been estimated and evaluation·s made, the result will lead

to staged predictions for the dimensions of

22

- approach channel and basin

- landing quay and shore establishments for handling, displaying, selling and sorting the catch

- berthing quays and services

- provisioning quay and supply facilities

- maintenance and repair facilities for vessels, gear and equipment etc.

The factors mentioned above change with the size of the

port.

One also has to think of having available areas for future

developing.

3.23 Construction Materials

To what level the landing place should be developed depends

on the boats and the catches. It also depends on the beach,

as we mentioned before solid structures should not be

placed on a sandy beach. The nearness of fishing grounds

and urban areas are also important and not least the

nearness of construction materials. Too long distance to

the material leads to an increase of transportation costs.

The material must also be resistant to the environmental

conditions.

On sandy beaches it can be very hard to get construction

material, in some cases the sand continues inland and .

creates deserts and the material that is needed has to be

imported.

Availibility of sweet water is of great importance for

construction, e.g. concrete made of sea water is not of

acceptable quality.

23

3.24 Educational level

One of the problems of developing the fishing fleet in

developing countries is the very low educational level of

people who are involved in fishing.

Building a port with modern facilities means that educated

people are needed. Since the fishermen often are

illiterates it will take a long time to educate them.

The fishermen are, as mentioned before, conservative and

therefore it is difficult for them to adapt themselves to

sudden alterations. Changes ought to be step by step and

not as it is done now in some places where a new advanced

port is built and only educated people from industrial

countries can manage to maintain it.

24

3.3 Section Three Processing of the Fish

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25

3.31 Transportation

Possibilities for inland transportation influence among

other things on how the fish is going to be processed and

the demand of fish inland. To build a big rather advanced

port we presume that there already is a road net. If only

the landing place is going to be improved, the road net is

not as necessary as if an advanced port was developed. It

is possible to transport the fish along the coast but then

it is necessary to have a jetty for the boat that comes to

fetch the fish.

If there is not any developed road net inland and no ice

plant to take care of the fish, then one has to process the

fish in some other way, for example drying, salting or

smoking the fish. Sometimes the fish can later be

distributed inland by lorries even if there are no roads.

As the situation is today the processing is in a way

dependent on the tradition of the people and the tradition

has been influenced by the transportation possibilities.

If it is possible to transport the fish to a port nearby

for freezing then it is sufficient with an ice plant which

produces ice to keep the fish fresh until it is transported

further to the port for freezing.

Transportation is also dependent on factors such as the

season. It can be difficult to transport the fish along the

shore when the monsoon winds are blowing and it can be

difficult to drive inland during the heavy monsoon rain as

the roads are in bad condition.

Improving the road net is on national level in our opinion,

so before the landing place is going to be developed there

has to be a working road net.

26

3.32 Food tradition

In many countries in the third world it is difficult to

change the foodculture and the tradition. It is important

to study these things before deciding how the fish will be

processed. After that the decision will be made about the

improvements. To mention, by drying the fish the price will

be kept low.

3.33 Fish species

It is worth to know what kind of species are available in

the area. By knowing that it is easier to decide how to

process the fi'sh. For example there are species which are

only suitable to be sold fresh. The fishermen ought to be

informed about the species and what they shall do with them

to get the best result.

Fish species influence also peoples food culture.

3.34 Demand

The demand is dependent on the peoples standard of living.

One should think of keeping the price low after processing

so that people can afford to buy the fish. The price gets

higher when the fish is transported in land, specially

during the summertime when more ice is needed to keep the

fish fresh.

According to the final report of the Baluchstan fisheries

development project, in some places in Pakistan the

consumption of marine fish is higher during the winter

months than the summer. In order to stay cool during the

summer months less quantities of meat, mutton poultry and

fish are eaten and vegetables are eaten instead.

27

3.35 Distance to urban area

As we have to deal with fresh products nearness to a market

is important. Big fishing harbours need a bigger market so

the nearness to urban areas is important. The existing

landing places have often a market for their catches. By

improving these landing places it will be possible to

provide more people with fish, urbanization will be less

important and it will give more job opportunities.

Capacity of the storage is depending on how far or how

often the fish can be taken away.

3.36 Fish processing

Fish processing depends among other things on possibilities

for transportation, distance to an urban area, fish species,

food tradition, fish processing equipments, availability

for fresh water, energy, freezing plant and so on.

If the communication net is not well developed, if it is

far to urban area, if the equipment is simple, or if fresh

water and energy is not available then perhaps drying the

fish will lead to a better result. It is difficult to

supply fresh fish to people inland if road connections are

bad.

3.37 Water and Energy

Fresh water resources are of importance for the ice making

and for the hygienic aspects. For certain activities

brackish water can be used, e.g. cleaning of boxes and

gutting the fish.

Without fresh water and proper equipment the only way of

processing the fish is drying or smoking it.

Energy is not only needed for the vessels, the facilities

at the port needs it too, e.g. ice plant and winches. As

for the vessels it can be problems of getting fuel

continuously to the port.

28

3.38 Ice Plant

At an ice plant it is necessary to have people who can

handle the mashinery and maintain it. Problems occurs

because the fishermen are low 'educated, at the same time

problems can occur.because of the difficulties to get spare

parts.

One must also.have the problems of corrosion and fuel

availability in mind.

When constructing the plant one can not cast the concrete

with sea water, because then the material will decompose.

after a while. Maintenance should not be overlooked either.

There should even be storage capacity so the fish can be

stored for a while.

As the bacterias in these countries are sensitive to· cold

it is possible to keep the fish fresh for a longer time by

just keeping them in ice. The fish can be fresh for about a

week in that way.

3.39 Hygienic and handling situation

By improving the hygienic and the handling of the fish a

greater part of the catch can be taken care of. It can be

done by bringing ice on boats, by using clean boxes for the

fish and by quick unloading and handling in the port.

By giving the fishermen a higher price for the fish which

has been handled in a better way they will be encouraged to

take better care of their catches.

29

4. INTRODUCTION OF THE CASE

In this chapter we have tried to use our model on a real

case at Bi~r~Ali in People~s Democratic Republic of Yemen.

While developing and improving the fishing village

Bi~r~Ali, the main objectives have been to increase the

living standard of the traditional fishermen and to supply

increased quantities of higher quality fish.

According to the model the catch is the main factor in the

first section. Part factors as season and weather condi­

tions, species, fishing tradition, availability of fish and

fishing ground are not affectable. While part factors as

fishing boats and gears can be affected.

In our opinion the boats and gears are in good condition

and regarding to the economic resources no improvements

will be necessary. Instead we have tried to improve other

part factors to achieve our goals.

In the second section, the main factor is the port. Part

factors which can be influenced are the size of the port

and the size of available area. Part factors as shore and

coast line, construction material, transportation,

educational level among port workers, waves, winds, water

depth and seasons are not affectable.

4.1 Bi~r ~Ali

A fisheries project has been proposed at Bi~r ~Ali, situ­

ated 500 kms from Aden, the capital city of People~s

Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Of the 800 inhabitants

about 160 are engaged in the co-operative organized

fishery. Present fish landings are estimated to 2200 tons.

Of the landings, 90% is traditionally dried and 10% is

marketed fresh. A great deal of the fish is spoiled before

it is dried or chilled.

30

Our aim is not to develope an advanced and big harbour. The

alternative with the jetty was no good either as the costs

would be too high. A suitable solution in our opinion would

be a pier. By building the pier the fishing trips will be

longer as on- and off-loading of the catch will be easier

and take less time for the fishermen. For future develop­

ment of the port there is enough area available.

For the third and last section the main factor is the

processing of fish. Demand, food tradition, species,

distance to an urban area and transportation are part

factors which are not affectable. Part factors as water and

energy availability, iceplant, knowledge about processing

and the grade of processing are things that we can do

something about.

To receive the fish of better quality it is in our opinion

necessary with an ice plant. From the two existing wells

enough sweet water will be available for the ice

production. If the demand of sweet water increases it is

possible to dig more wells. For the electricity supply

generators has to be bought.

The way of processing is going to be the same as before.

The difference will be that the fresh fish will be increased

from 10% to 50%. At the same time dried fish will be de­

creased from 90% to 50%.

4.2 Objectives

The main objectives of the project are to increase the

living standard of the traditional fishermen and to supply

increased quantities and even better quality of fish.

By developing the port, more people will get employment

which will automatically increase their living standard.

When the living standard will increase people will afford

to spend more money on other things and business of other

branches will develop too. Increased living standard leads

31

to higher educational level. Increased quantity of fish

will make it possible for people inland to buy fish at

reasonable price.

These objectives would be achieved by the establishment of

a pier and the shore facilities will be improved by an ice

plant and a cold store. The salted and dried fish will be

of a better quality by improving the drying area by racks.

Limited fresh water resources are available nearby. If

yields are low the use of fresh water can be reduced by

making ice of sea water.

4.3 Fishing Seasons

Most of the year the coastline of PDRY is subject to

monsoon conditions. Normally the southwest and northeast

monsoon is prevailing from May to September and November to

March respectively. The cycle of the monsoons varies

slightly from year to year. Fishing is particularly good

during the southwest monsoon. Normally three months between

July and October yield the highest landings.

4.4 Fishing Craft

The number of fishing craft amounts to 80 huris, 5 co­

operative sambuk, 15 visiting sambuk and 10 sambuk from the

small boats division.

The huris, which are about 5-8 metres long, are basically

dug-out canoes, though they are occasionally constructed of

rough planking on ribs. Very often the huris are supplemen­

ted by a collar planking on ribs, allowing a hi~her free­

board and better safety. The basic huris are powered by

rowing or sailing, the more supplemented huris are often

driven by outboard engines.

Huris driven by sail or rowing usually conduct daily

fishing trips 1,6 to 2,5 kms off the coast lasting about

4-5 hours. Outboard driven huris and sambuks make fishing

32

trips lasting 10-12 hours. 'The sambu'kS -h·ave an esttmated

length of 13 metres and are powered by inboard diesel

engines.

According to interviews, Bi-r -Ali is chosen as a base by

. the vi.si.ting salllbuks .. and the lillla.ll boats division .because

it is situated close to good fishing grounds and the Bi-r 1Ali bay offers some shelter in periods of bad weather.

4.5 Fishing gear

The main fishing gear employed are handlines, longlines,

-,, - .. gillnets .. , .castnets and beach seines.

4.6 Fish handling

No harbour facilities exist at Bi-r -Ali. Landings of the

fish take place on the beaches, which are mostly unprotec­

ted. Natural shelter is found to some extent.

Hygiene, which is the fundamental aspect of fish handling,

is almost totally ignored. The traditional fishing boats do

not take ice on their fishing trips. Landed fish is thrown

.on the .bea.ch and .dirty floors, with very little water usecl

for washing and cleaning. Discards such as fishheads and

illte'Stines are "thrc\om around the. premises ;of .. ·t."le receivin,,

place, causing severe pollution problems.

4.7 Salting and drying of fish

In areas where there are no receiving stations and cold

storages, the surplus fish that cannot be sold fresh is

salted"for subsequent -drying. Very·often the fish is gutted

and split at the water-s edge, sprinkled with salt and

stacked on the ground for a fewdays before it is spread

out to dry in the sun. Some of the fish flesh receives very

little salt in this process, and is rotten long before it

is dry. This was very obvious at Bi-r -Ali, where several

tons of rotten dried fish were treated along the beach. The

33

amount of salt available is far too short of the minimum

required for salting the fish meant for drying.

During the drying process, the fish is spread on the beach,

which explains the large amount of sand found in the

finished product. A major part of the dried product is of

poor quality, due to careless handling, inadequate salting,

contamination with sand and insect attack caused by poor

storage.

4.8 Smoked fish

Smoked fish is a traditional Yemeni product, produced at a

number of fisheries cooperatives. Tuna and similar species

are smoked in round pits that are dug into the ground. Fir.e

is built at the bottom of these pits using firewood.

4.9 Marketing

The dried and salted fish is collected by trucks belonging

to the Ministry of Fish Wealth (MFW) for marketing in the

interior. The MFW transports fresh fish on ice in insulated

truck 2-3 times weekly from Bi~r -Ali to Aden for domestic

marketing. The ice is transported in blocks from Aden to

Bi~r ~Ali by the insulated trucks where the ice is manually

crushed.

34

5. THE PROJECT

In order to utilize the abundant marine resources to a

higher degree, a fishery project located at Bi~r ~Ali has

been proposed. The project is conceived as improvements of

port and shore facilities for the traditional sector.

5.1 Project objectives

The main objectives of the proposed project would be:

to increase the living standard of the traditional

fishermen;

to supply increased quantities of fish for domestic

marketing.

The objectives would be achieved by building a pier and

other facilities on land i.e. ice plant, cold store, drying

yard etc. The project would:

despatch fresh fish on ice for local marketing

serve the local traditional fishing operation

serve as an unloading pier for visiting

sambuks during the peak season.

5.2 Increased benefits from improvement of the

fish products

The utilization of ice in the handling of fish will

increase the quality and reduce the spoilage

By building the pier the landing and receiving

facilities will enable an efficient and hygienic off­

loading and thereby reducing the spoilage.

The major beneficiancies are the fishermen themselves as

they will receive a higher price for fresh fish products

than what is presently obtained for dried and salted fish

products. The consumers of the marketed fresh fish will

also benefit as more fish at higher quality will be mar­

keted.

35

5.3 Projected fish landings

By building the pier the catch will increase with about

15%. The pier will make it easier for the fishermen to

unload the catch and it will take shorter time. The

spoilage will be less too. The establishment of a pier

leads to that the visiting sambuks will increase.

Because of improved handling, marketing and earning possi­

bilities, the fishermen are anticipated to go for the more

valuable species rather than the inexpensive small pelagic

fishes.

5.4 Ice requirements

Ice will be required for:

fishing operations: 0.5 ton of ice per 1 ton of fish

for the sambuk fishery;

re-icing of landed fish intended for cold processing

and marketing as fresh fish: 0.5 ton of ice per

1 ton of fish

The quantity of ice required has been at about 10 tons per

day during the peak season.

Peak season:

to.5.3.o o.~ + ~-5 (30.~.35+8o.o.o7~. o.5 = 9.3 ton say 10.

on board re icing of half of the landed fish

The amount of sambuk is 30 and each sambuk gets about 0.35

ton fish.·There are 80 buries and each of them gets 0.07.

36

5.5 Landings

The fishermen land their catches at a landing pier.The fish

is put into non-iced boxes fetched by the fishermen at a

box store belonging to the co-operative and pulled on small

four wheel trailers to a receiving place. The pier has a 5

m wide traffic lane in the centre and a.5 m unloading ramp

which leans 1:60 along 90 m ramp. The sambuks will be able

to unload on the front part of the pier.

5.6 Curing

The fish for curing is divided into small pelagic shoal

fish and other fish. The curing will be carried out in the

same manners as today, mostly sun-drying.

The small pelagic shoal fish is transported directly after

weighing to an area reserved for drying. This area will be

located close to the access road to the Aden-Mukalla

highway. At the drying area the fish is.put on racks to

prevent contamination of sand and to allow for an even

drying.

37

6. SUMMARY ON THE INVESTMENT COSTS

Appendix

Machinery for the ice plant 354 000 Skr 1

Ice plant 42 000 2

Cold store 95 000 3

Fish boxes 20 000 4

Trailers 10 000 4

Drying racks 10 000 5

Other equipment 15 000 5

Pie]:" 2 500 000 6

Machines + landpreparation 100 000

Contingencies 300 000

7. CONCLUSION

Annual income

Before improvements

After -"-

Net income

Annual cost

First year

Second year

Third year

2 155 000 Skr

2 870 000

715 000 Skr

642 000 Skr

632 000 "

620 000 "

38

7

8

9

As the result shows above it is worth to invest in the

proposed project to achieve the aims. In the authors

opinion it is better· to develop small landing places and

make certain improvements rather than develop advanced

ports.

r------------------------- --

ICE I"LANT

Equipment

- Waler- cooled ~\ice.. -ice.. un~l

CapC!G; ~ __ L:IT J~t; H c. 5 l"Y,...,., -t-hic.l.ne::.s

- Water- cooled conclen~i n_:j _ wn.ll: 3000 kc..c.l/ H

ol -15'/+~u· c. incl eled:ric. ,:,wl"l:;::_h6oord

- A\r cooler

-"Pip~ , volve.s el:c.

!he. (()51:_

LJl"/c4 H

1s 3co.ooo n~<-R

~e. eX:-\:s-6 co5l:

10 . 000 -:!) k.J(.

{or the capc.ci h~ {or 2T/2LJ H i-s obout

\h~ need i~ c6o!Jt lOT/cJ-l /-l ond +he__ CO~t

':I- o' . f. -+ 3-co 1

L..l =

·,5 equcd __ to. 1 , c -::D k.R.

= 3'54 .000 6K~ -for -!-he _ mc.ch.j_ ner_!j

Above · · f1le.n-boned lqure6 [OCjillecrit)~ Con5ull At:lc.~

o.re fetched {ro-r-rl 'J) K. · ~ c.o. lcuJc...t.·o n 5 .

.)

Appencl•x C.

---rhe +:sh hond led will be.. a) consu me.d -fresh

b) dried

h"sh ~Gr consuxY'Ipbon

vto~e. or laqded

further trCt~porb _

wil\ be. ic.e.d , -pvl: 1'1\ cold

direct~ ort --k-w:k..:s -for

Area... requirement jor ice mo\<.er ond re.tro-~e_ro__-holl -planl -15 arout cO no C. {or a {0 -6n Ice.. "'f'tC\rlt_

occordin:J to '' ~lonnin9 alld en9jr,eerin9 datct_ rre~h fi~h hondlif'CJ . Co:5t~ 4o• -the ~~uore. '(Yiek.r INQil C\re~ 1-:;

ao hel6~.-v : ·

. c..oncre..!: e. .

re •r{orcernenl:. Jon·n. .....:ork..: "t 6 I de.~ in.5ubtion

'Lopuu.r bo.n1 er

cro:Pl:::O..r

I nkr-n.ol \; n '"4

{00'.­

tOO:­

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KlCL-

--:{ c.o :- :5 KX.

lhl::s ~1'1ure~ ore. ~f-c..he.d fo-n -:ScC--r'c:Uc. cOY>.5\.Jl::s

'eFO•t: t=Ao - -p'QOSJE..t:..-r-E.'2-I'N6 Ajs I cdru\obonj

--~-----r----------·-·-· --~--~ -----------

0 . 0-=1- - '60

0.'35 . 30

= ~. 6 i:Dn /dQ~ :JO.'S _,_

16. 1 i:.on ~~~(dol(

Al:nul:. 50 1- IS 5tored ==? sfomCj e. co.po. c_; l:J' heeded i~ 0. 'S · 1(:,.1 = Z .o ton/ dcj

StniDCie. 100m din>ef\~ion~ are occord;nj -lo

~inee.rir\9 Con~ull:. A-lla2. :DK

:':l· L-l ~ c.LJ rn

-Cost ~or· c•( 3vY +

the.. Ice.. ~bnt will

_,_ w • -c . 1.,) ~ --rc.o =

be. I ~ c.oao I

------ ---------·- ______ ---....,.______ __ ----------~------ ----

--,_

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Af'p::nc:{.i,( 3

lh~ co.kh wi\\ be. r-khed ever~duu c\urinc! ~ I __) I

ihe t'icl mod ~ncl hn:spode.d -l-o Aden _ · \n dher cc:oe.. +he cotch ~: .. n!\ be. si-ored ~or about

3 or- Lj cbj.S b~ore {w{.her -h-o.n:s-p:Jr-b-ho'l . In

cu5e. -ther-e. I 5 eome..+h;n9 wron~ wit-h. the

-h-o.n5"f'O~"-hn9 veh"lde.. or- +he.. -\1:sh wh;c:h \::)

9oin9 .to be dt-ied ho::::. -to be. -6-i-ored

b~ore. ~+\-ir9 o.n'i -:plc.ce.. on +he.. dry\"'9 \jord

-:\-he n e.ce. :::cc>JLj c.o.-p:::. ci ~ w iT\ be._ c 0 I .

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nation (FAO). Fisheries policy study mission. NoTA

3296, 1975.

2) FAO; WECAF REPORTS No. 19; Extension training of

artisanal fishermen and other fisheries personnel in

the WCCAF region; 1978

3) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 123; Fishery

harbour planning, 1973

4) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 136; Small har­

bours and landing places on difficult coasts; 1974

5) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 142; The

production of fish meal and uil; 1975

6) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper no. 157; Across-beach

operations in the small-scale fishery, 1976

7) FAO; Technical report 21; Pre-investment survey of

fishing harbours; India. 1972

8) Ulf Wijkstrom; Note on planning for exploitation and

utilization of fishery resources; 1978

9) Report No. PAK; Ap-34; Appraisal of the second mar­

ine fisheries development project in Pakistan; 1980

10) Scandiaconsult and Agro-fisheries; T.A No 397, PAK;

Balluchistan fisheries development project; Final

report.

-'/

11) FAO; Fisheries Technical Paper No. 160; The produc­

tion of dried fish. 1976

12) Final report from Scandiaconsult; Preparation of

Bi'r 'Ali fishery harbour and shore facilities; 1978

13) Report no. 1 from Scandiaconsult; Preliminary sine

investigations and layout report

14) FAO; Planning and engineering data; Fresh fish

handling; 1981

15) United Nations Industrial Development Organization,

Manual for the preparation of Industrial Feasibility

Studies. 1978

16) Robert M. Krone; Systems analysis and policy

sciences (Theory and Practice) ; 1980

17) DavidS. Clifton, Jr; David E. Fyffe; Project

Feasibility Analysis; 1977.

18) C.West Churchman; System analysis, 1968.