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STRESS ON PLANTS UNIVERSITÉ DE LUXEMBOURG26 SEPTEMBRE 2013
Raquel Folgado Casado
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSThis is any factor extern to the plant, which has a negative influence on the developmentFor thousands of years of evolution, plants have developed defence mechanisms
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Response: Structural and functional changes produced in the plant against stress
1. Heritable changes that were included in the genome2. Transitional modifications, reversible. Transient phenotypic
expression
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Introduction
PLANT RESPONSE TO STRESS
Alarme Phase
• They decrease or stop their basic physiological functions. They reduce their vigor.
Resistance Phase
• Accommodation of cellular metabolism to the new conditions, activation of repair processes and appropriate expression of morphological adaptations.
• It reaches a new optimal physiological state for the new conditions
Depletion Phase
• If the stressful situation is maintained for long and the plant stops its functions
Regeneration Phase
• The stress disappears and the plant reaches an optimum physiological state again
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Stress/ response cycles are routine events in the life of a plant
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Introduction
THE STRESS FACTORSThe biotic factors
• large and small animals, • other plants, • insects, • bacteria, fungi, viruses • nematodes.
The abiotic factors
• Drought: hydric stress• Salt stress: excess of salts in the soil• Thermic stress: heat, cold and freezing temperatures• Anaerobic stress: ponding and flooding• Stress by environmental pollutants: SO2, herbicides, metals, ozone• Nutritional stress: deficiency in minerals• Mechanical stress: wind, soil compaction• Stress by injuries or wounds
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Introduction
THE ROUTE OF STRESS SIGNAL
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Perception of plant stressor. The external
stimulus must be transformed into an internal
signal
Signal processing.
Amplification, integration into
the transmission
routes
Regulation of gene
expression
Protein products that enable stress
tolerance
Source : Hirayama & Shinozaki (2010)
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Introduction
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Source : Spinelli et al(2011)
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Introduction
BIOTIC STRESS
The entrance of the pathogen to the host plant is linked to the secretion of enzymes: cutinases, cellulases, pectinases and proteases.
The plant actives enzymes which strengthen cell wall, synthesizes phytoalexins (protease inhibitors) and activates the selective cell death of some cells.
Biotic Stress
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Biotic factors: large and small animals, other plants, insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes.
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ABIOTIC STRESS
Water stress (drought)Salt stress: excess of salts in the soilThermic stress: heat, cold and freezing temperaturesAnaerobic stress: ponding and floodingStress by environmental pollutants: SO2, herbicides, metals, ozoneNutritional stress: deficiency in mineralsMechanical stress: wind, soil compactionStress by injuries or wounds
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Abiotic Stress
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WATER STRESS
The plant and its water environment.
The absorbed water from the soil by the roots is carried to all parts of the plant. Part is removed to the air through transpiration.
Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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To the right are rated values of water potential (Megapascals, MPa) of different partners
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WHEN IS THE PLANT IN WATER DEFICIT?Water deficit: the amount of transpired water is greater than the amount of absorbed waterThe reactions of plants to drought are dependent on:
• Speed of water evaporation• Duration of water deficit• Species (also variety, genotype)
At cell level, reactions are function of • Organ • Cell type• Developmental state of the plant
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Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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WATER IS NECESSARY FOR:
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• The photosynthesis: primary donor of
electrons
• The growth
• The turgor
• The movements
• The refreshment by evapotranspiration
• The absorption and the transport of solutes
Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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WATER STRESS, OSMOTIC STRESS
Drought stressSalt stress
Cold-freezing stress
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Common responses Specific responses
Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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SALINITY6 % of the earth surface is affected by sality (about 20% of watered cultures)Natural salinity
• Sea water:• Na+ : 10 g/kg 470 mM• Cl- : 20 g/kg 550 mM
Salinity induced by the agriculture
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Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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SALINITYPlants generally do not use neither the Na+ nor the Cl-Salinity-> hyper-osmolarity and ionic toxicity
GlycophytesHalophytes :
• need more electrolytes for optimal growth ([NaCl] soil: 20 to 500 mM), used as osmoticum
• extrusion of Na + (specialized cells)• vacuolar compartmentalization• transport to young aerial parts (limitation of Na + to the
root level)
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Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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COLD
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Membrane protection is essential
Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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THE WATER PASSES THROUGH THE ROOT BY THREE ROUTES:
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Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
(a) Via transcellular = through the cell membrane (b) Via symplaste = From cell to cell through plasmodesms(c)Via apoplaste = Between the cells or through death cells
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RESPONSES TO WATER STRESS: NON ADAPTED PLANTS
Cell expansionProtein synthesisNitrate reductase
activityIncrease in ABA
Decreased cytokininStomatal closure
Decrease in photosynthesis
Decrease in respirationWilting
Senescence
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Diminution of water potential into the soil
Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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THE STOMATA
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Headquarters of gas exchange (O2, CO2) and place of transpiration(evaporation of water in the form of vapour).Transpiration: open stomata, CO2 fixation from atmosphere (dissolved form, for photosynthesis)
Closure of the stomata pendant hydric stress
Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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RESPONSES TO WATER STRESS: ADAPTED PLANTS (XEROPHYTES)
Anatomic and morphologic adaptations
• Root system at the soil surface• Deep root system• Water accumulation• Reduction of leave surface
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Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
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Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
Metabolic adaptations• Photosynthesis (crassulacean acid metabolism; CAM)• Biosynthesis of protective compounds (osmotic, structural)• Establishment of detoxification systems (reactive oxygen
species, ROS)• Repair systems
RESPONSES TO WATER STRESS: ADAPTED PLANTS (XEROPHYTES)
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Abiotic Stress: Hydric Stress, Osmotic Stress
CAM PLANTS:
Modification of C4-metabolism: CO2 capture and photosynthesis are separated in time and spaceNight:• Open stomata
• CO2 absorption
• CO2 fixation to a 3C-compound (pyruvate) to form another 4C-compound (oxalacetate and then malate)
• Malate is accumulate into the vacuoles during the night
Day:• The stomata close (to limit the loss of water)
• Malate is converted into a 3C-compound (pyruvate) and CO2 (Calvin C.)
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THERMIC STRESSDegree of saturation of the membrane lipids
• Plants that are adapted to heat increase the % of saturated fat acids in the glycerolipids
• Plants that are adapted to cold increase the % of insaturated fat acids
Accumulation of anti-freeze proteins (AFP)
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Abiotic Stress: Thermic Stress
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ANAEROBIC STRESSHypoxia-anoxia: roots into inundated soils
• Krebs cycle and respiration are blocked• ATP production stops• Active transport of protons into the vacuole is inhibited• cytoplasm is acidified• Roots metabolism stops
The aerenchyma is extended from the leaves to the roots in plants adapted to the absence of oxygen (ethylene)
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Abiotic Stress: Anaerobic Stress
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THE POLLUTANTS Xenobiotics: industrial or agricultural activities
• Acid rain Les pluies acides• Increase of ozone concentration in the tropasphere • Metals: Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Al, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb (they affect the
root growth and formation). Cd and Pb can also enter into the alimentary chain
The phytochelatines (PC) join to metals and they are stored into the vacuoles
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Abiotic Stress: Les pollutants
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GENERAL RESPONSES TO THE STRESSIncreased levels of phytohormones• The induction of the synthesis may be due to changes in the volume
and cell turgor
Reduction of leaf growth and stomatal closure.• The ABA (Abscisic acid) is transported through the xylem of the aerial
part of the plant
Ethylene biosynthesis• Senescence
Synthesis of antioxidants
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GENERAL RESPONSES TO THE STRESS
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STRESS RESPONSES: PROTEINS
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ProteinsProteomicsWhat makes it
happen?
MetabolitesMetabolomics
What happen?
GenesGenomics
What is possible?
mRNATranscriptomics
What seems to happen?
OMICs
Gene expressionmRNA
DNA sequencingMutations
PolymorphismEpigenomics
Small moleculesMetabolites
IdentificationExpression
LC-MS driven
Phenotype/Cellular Response
Enzyme modulation
INTRODUCTION
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Study of abiotic stress
29Dep. Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), CRP- GL, Luxembourg.Laboratory of Tropical Crop Improvement, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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ABIOTIC STRESS
AND ITS RELEVANCE
IN CRYOPRESERVATION:
POTATO, A CASE OF STUDY
Cortesia Paolo_EFE
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THE POTATO
-Rich in carbohydrates- Source of minerals and
vitamins
- Enormous genetic diversity: breeding potential
• Solanaceae Family• Solanum spp.
-Herbaceous annual -Originated in Andean Region-One of the most important crops
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Variability in temperature and precipitationMicroclimatic regions
THE ORIGIN OF POTATO DIVERSITY
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PLANT MATERIAL
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Solanum commersonii Solanum tuberosum cv Désirée
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
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Cryoprocedure: Droplet-Vitrification
DEHYDRATION
CRYOPROTECTION
FREEZING-STRESS
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Differentiate Survival of Tip, Tip Growth and Plant RecoveryS. commersonii S. tuberosum cv
Désirée
Survival
Tip growth
Recovery
Metabolite analysis (e.g. carbohydrates,)
Proteomic analyses for different
stressors
Different approaches have been used during this experiment to provide a wider picture of what happened to the plant
Phenotyping plants
Control Stress
Study of abiotic stress in potatoINTRODUCTION
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HPAEC-PAD (High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection)
Advantages:1. It allows the direct quantification of carbohydrates at pmol levels2. It provides highly selective separations
CHs targeted in this study:
METABOLOMIC APPROACH
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 33.0-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140 120116STRESSPOT #25 [modif ied by User, 4 peaks manually assigned] S-3 14.1 1/10 IntAmp_1nC
min
1 -
Gal
acto
se -
6.5
17
2 -
Glu
cose
- 7
.142
3 -
Suc
rose
- 7
.684
4 -
Xyl
ose
- 8.
175
5 -
Fruc
tose
- 9
.550
6 -
Mel
ibio
se -
11.
792
7 -
Raf
finos
e -
14.2
92
8 -
16.9
679
- S
tach
yose
- 1
7.39
2
Concentration: 9.50 mM
100.00
9.50
GalactoseGlucose
Sucrose
Xylose
Fructose Raffinose
Stachyose Cellobiose
MaltoseRhamnoseArabinose
Melibiose
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PROTEOMIC APPROACHDIGE experiment
Proteins
Proteins are involved in almost all cellular processes and fulfil many functions
PROTEOMICS
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The study of proteins
“the study of the proteome” may be defined as a large-scale analysis of the properties of all the proteins expressed by the genome of cells or tissues, at one time point (dynamics).
TissuesOrgans
Organism
What is proteomics? PROTEOMICS
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Subcellular / cellular level
High through-put2D Gel
nano-LC
The whole proteome
Define the proteome of a cell or tissue
Control modified
Selected proteins
Provide means of comparing proteomes (e.g. stressed vs normal states)
defining co-stimulated and co-regulated proteins
Multiprotein complexes affinity purification
Relevant proteins
global or.. functional proteomicsPROTEOMICS
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First dimension
Second dimension
PROTEOMICSSeparation proteins
Gel electrophoresis: 1 or 2 dimensions for the separation; on 2D gels, one can see isoforms from the same protein family
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Protein extract 1Label with fluor 1
Protein extract 3Label with fluor 3
Mix labeled extracts
Excitation wavelength 1
Image analysis: Overlay images
Excitation wavelength 2
Excitation wavelength 3
Separate by 2D PAGE
Image for each fluor
Protein extract 2Label with fluor 2
DiGE technology PROTEOMICS
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Advantages:1. Multiplexing2. Use of an internal standard for
all proteins which can be run on all gels in a set of experiments.
Sucrose
Glucose Fructose
Raffinose
Stachyose
Oxidative homeostasis-related prots
77% recovery
35%recovery
8%recovery
S. commersoniiSucrose
+
+
+
Sucrose
Glucose Fructose
Raffinose
Stachyose
Oxidative homeostasis-related prots
29% recovery
DésiréeSucrose
+
+
Sucrose
Glucose Fructose
Raffinose
Stachyose
Oxidative homeostasis-related prots
72% recovery
S. commersoniiCold
+
-
+Sucrose
Glucose Fructose
Raffinose
Stachyose
Oxidative homeostasis-related prots
13% recovery
DésiréeCold
- -
+
DésiréeControl
S. commersoniiControl
+