SPECIAL TOPICS IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE …tera.yonsei.ac.kr/class/2013_1/lecture/Topic 7...

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SPECIAL TOPICS IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE AND VLSI DESIGN: Overview of Data ConvertersOverview of Data Converters

Prof. Youngcheol Chae

ychae@yonsei.ac.kr

Office: Room B712, Office Hours: Fri. 4~6PM

Related Course

Mixed‐Signal VLSI (EEE 6632) : Graduate CourseMixed Signal VLSI (EEE 6632) : Graduate Course

Covers Data Converters (ADCs and DACs)

Prerequisites

Microelectronics II, CMOS VLSI,

Analog VLSI or equivalent (e.g. transistor level circuit design including 

opamp)opamp)

Prior exposure to Spectre or Hspice

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 2

Outline of EEE 6632

Sampling and quantization

DAC architecture

Sample and hold Sample and hold

Switched capacitor circuits

Comparators

Nyquist‐rate conversion

Oversampled conversion

Limits in accuracy

Calibration, DEM, and DWA

Test and specification

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 3

Test and specification

Motivation

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 4

All electronic systems rely on data converters

Motivation• ADC / DAC : Interface Between Analog Media and DSP System

• Higher Performance of Data Converters Required

• Trends of SoC Implementation

• Main Bottleneck of Design Time and Resources• Main Bottleneck of Design Time and Resources

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 5

System Design Trendy g

• VLSI Design & Tech Improvement

– More Signal Processing Performed in Digital Signal Domain

– Implementation Trend : A → B• Partition Criteria Determined Mainly By• Partition Criteria Determined Mainly By

– Available Design Resources of Analog Front End Such as ADC/DAC & ASP (Analog Signal Processing)

– Required Performance Specifications : (B) > (A)

– Applications & System Requirements

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 6

A/D Converter Application Spacepp p

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 7

Analog IC Marketg

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 8

Example 1p

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 9 9Source: www.apple.com

Example 1p

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 10 10

Example 2p

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 11

Example 3p

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 12

The Data Conversion Problem

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 13

Overview

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 14

Performance metric of Data Converter

• Number of Bits

• Data Conversion Rate

• Power Dissipation / Hardware Area

• Static Parameters• Static Parameters

– Gain & Offset Errors

– Non‐Linearity : DNL (Differential), INL (Integral)y ( ), ( g )

– Non‐Monotonicity, Missing Codes

• Dynamic Parameters

– SNR (Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio)

– THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)

SNDR (Signal to {Noise+Distortion} Ratio)– SNDR (Signal‐to‐{Noise+Distortion} Ratio)

– ENOB (Effective Number of Bits)

– Signal Bandwidth

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 15

g

Let’s look at Data Sheet

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 16

Input/Output Relationp / p

DAC                                                       ADC

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 17

Static Errors

Linear Errors: Offset, Gain errors Non-monotonicity, Missing CodesN Li E→ Non Linear Errors

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 18

Static Errors

Diff ti l N Li it (DNL) I t l N Li it (INL)Differential Non-Linearity (DNL) Integral Non-Linearity (INL)

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 19

Quantization Error (Noise)( )

Digital-Out

2/ 22 2

/ 2

112

q x dx

D

8

222)(

2

2

N

FS

S

V

fPSignal Power: 8

222)(

2

2

N

FS

S

V

fPSignal Power:

2328

2

)f(P)f(PSNR N2

2

2N

S

2328

2

)f(P)f(PSNR N2

2

2N

S

Error

)(P)(S S

212

)f(PN

)(P)(S S

212

)f(PN

E 76.1N02.6)dB(PP)dB(SNR

N

S 76.1N02.6)dB(PP)dB(SNR

N

S

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 20

Dynamic Errorsy

SNR

Peak SNR

0dB

Dynamic rangeAmplitude

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 21

Anti‐Alias Filteringg

Brick Wall

Attenuation

ffs 2fs ffs 2fsffs 2fs ffs 2fs

f/fs0.5 f/fs0.5

Ideal AAF Real AAF

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 22

Sampling & AAF p g

• In order to prevent aliasing, we need

fsig,max < fs/2

• The sampling rate fs=2fsig,max is called Nyquist rates sig,max

• Can tradeoff sampling speed against filter order

• In high speed converters, making fs/fsigmax > 10 is usually g p g s sigmax yimpossible, therefore we need fairly high order filters

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 23

Classes of Samplingp g

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 24

Classification of ADCs 

• Flash• Two-step• Pipeline

• Flash• Two-step• Pipelinepe e• Successive approximation• Algorithmic• Dual SlopeADC

• Nyquist-ratepe e

• Successive approximation• Algorithmic• Dual SlopeADC

• Nyquist-rate

p• ...

• Sigma-delta• SC (Switched-Capacitor)

implementations• CT (Continuous-Time)

ADC

• Oversampled

p• ...

• Sigma-delta• SC (Switched-Capacitor)

implementations• CT (Continuous-Time)

ADC

• OversampledCT (Continuous Time)implementationsCT (Continuous Time)implementations

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 25

Example: Flash ADCp

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 26

Performance Limits

1.E+07

1 E+05

1.E+06

1.E 07

1 E 03

1.E+04

1.E+05

[pJ]

1.E+02

1.E+03

P/f s

nyq

ISSCC 2013VLSI 2012

1.E+00

1.E+01VLSI 2012ISSCC 1997-2012VLSI 1997-2011FOMW=10fJ/conv-stepFOMS 170dB

1.E-0110 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

SNDR @ Nyquist [dB]

FOMS=170dB

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 27

@ yq [ ]

Results from Yonsei

ISSCC’ 13

High precision SAR+ hybrid ADC 20bit resolution 6ppm INL 1uV offset and 6 3uW power

ISSCC 13

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 28

20bit resolution, 6ppm INL, 1uV offset, and 6.3uW power

Performance Limits

1 E 11

1.E+10

1.E+11ISSCC 2013VLSI 2012ISSCC 1997-2012VLSI 1997 2011

1.E+08

1.E+09

z]

VLSI 1997-2011Jitter=1psrmsJitter=0.1psrms

1.E+06

1.E+07

BW

[H

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+0310 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

SNDR [dB]

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 29

SNDR [dB]

Ideal DAC

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 30

The Reconstruction Problem

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 31

Zero-Order Hold Reconstruction

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 32

Dirac Pulses

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 33

Spectrump

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 34

Finite Hold Pulse

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 35

Envelope with Hold Pulse Tp=Tsp p

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 36

Examplep

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 37

Reconstruction Filter

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 38

Example: Resistor String DACp g

Resistors : Current DivisionCapacitors : Charge Division

i i i i

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 39

Transistors : Current Division

Overview

EEE Spring 2013 Slide 40

Thank you for your attention !

Prof. Youngcheol Chae

ychae@yonsei.ac.kr

Office: Room B712, Office Hours: Fri. 4~6PM

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