Some overview and connections • What are three functions of the circulatory

system and how are each related to the digestive or respiratory systems?

2. Helps maintain homeostasis:a. by transportation - of nutrients and

wastesb. by protection - by white blood cells and

antibodiesc. by regulation - body temperature and pH

Health indicators

What components from blood are only obtained from the resp. system?

The digestive system?

• Iron-containing foods important for blood cell formation. – what portion of the hemoglobin is reused in the bone marrow?

• Oxygen from the lungs

• Waters and other nutrients (fats, sugars, amino acid)

Other random- related facts

Your body weight:

8% is blood – circulatory system !

15% bone - skeletal

15% fat - digestion/nutrition/chemistry

45% muscle - muscular

17% skin, connective tissues, etc. - other

How does resp. and dig systems relate to the functions of WBCs?

• Infections are often introduced by air (airborne) or food and water (foodborne/waterborne).

• What are the ways WBCs protect us?

What about capillary beds?

• What about RBCs?

Respiration and Digestion

An Overview with

ANATOMY

Physiology Overview

Respiratory SystemI. Introduction

A. Respiration - the exchange of gases. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.

B. Pulmonary ventilation - movement of air between lungs and the outside

C. External respiration - exchange of gas between lungs and the blood

D. Internal respiration - exchange of gas between blood and the cells

E. Cellular respiration - metabolic process using Oxygen in the cells (not exchange of gas)

II. Anatomy

A. Upper Respiratory Tract

1. Nose

a. external nares = nostrils - separated by a nasal septum

b. vestibule (entrance chamber) = posterior to nostril - separated by a nasal septum

c. nasal cavity also separated by septum

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1) nasal conchae = 3 bony projections forming narrower passages and thereby increasing surface area.

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2007/08/01/health/adam/9657.jpg

2) lining - mucous membrane with cilia and many blood vessels

3) paranasal sinuses - connect to nasal cavity

2. Pharynx

a. nasopharynx - from nasal cavity (through internal nares) to oropharynx-- eustacian tubes connected

b. oropharynx

c. laryngopharynx - below the level of the tongue

http://www.tiplit.com/images/organ/pharynx.jpg

3. Larynx "voice box" - connects pharynx with the tracheal

a. cartilagenous boxlike structure

b. glottis - opening into the larynx

c. epiglottis - tongue-shaped cartilage which covers the glottis when swallowing.

 

d. vocal cords - elastic fiber containing mucous membrane folds lacking cilia.

http://www.gbmc.org/bin/r/n/Larynxcutsm.jpg

http://images.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f25-7a-b_trachea_anteri_c.jpg&imgrefurl=http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/Respiratory%2520System.htm&h=801&w=800&sz=231&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=bVDFZv5YkTvGVM:&tbnh=143&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrachea%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG

4. Trachea - "windpipe" 12 cm long and about 2.5 cm in diameter

a. cartilage "rings" = hold open the air way

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f25-7a-b_trachea_anteri_c.jpg

1) cartilage is "C" - shaped open posteriorly

a) open end touching the esophagus allows expansion

b. branches in the thoracic cavity -- right and left bronchi

c. lining of ciliated mucous membrane (psuedo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

B. Lower tract (beginning in the thoracic cavity including some of the trachea as well)

1. Bronchial Tree

a. primary bronchi - branch to lungs

b. bronchioles - branches off the primary right and left bronchi

c. alveolar ducts - branches off bronchioles

d. alveoli - "tiny cavity"

1) 300 to 500 million in the average adult lungs

2) Huge surface area on the order of a tennis court per lung

3) Structure - basically a microscopic air space with a thin wall

a) Wall - single layer of squamous epithelium - surfactant = a detergent like lining inner wall to allow alveoli to inflate quickly

b) Capillaries

2. Lungs

a. Surrounded by parietal and visceral pleurae (serous membranes) parietal lines thoracic cavity visceral directly covers the lungs

Digestive System I. Introduction

A. Digestion - the breakdown of food into small enough particles to be absorbed.

1. Mechanical

2. Chemical B. Digestive Organs

1. Gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) - mouth to anus.

2. Accessory Organs:

• Teeth

• Tongue

• Salivary glands

• Pancreas

• Liver and gallbladder

C. Digestive process 1. Ingestion

2. Mechanical digestion (chewing, mixing with tongue, churning of stomach, and mixing in the small intestine)

SEE PAGE 473 WINGERD

3. Propulsion - movement of food through the GI tract (swallowing and peristalsis - series of involuntary muscle contraction)

4. Chemical digestion - the breakdown of large molecules into building blocks (enzymes in stomach and small intestine)

5. Absorption - movement of food molecules into blood or lymph

6. Defecation - elimination of indigestible material as feces

II. Anatomy

A. Associated tissues.

1. Peritoneum.

a. parietal - lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

b. visceral - (serosa) covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

c. Peritoneal cavity - between the visceral and parietal with lubricating fluid

See page 476 - Wingerd

d. Extensions to the peritoneum

1) falciform ligament - to liver from anterior wall

2) lesser omentum - liver to stomach and from anterior wall

3) mesentery - to coils of small intestine from posterior wall

4) greater omentum - fold of visceral peri-toneum of the stomach which hangs over the small intestine.

2. Layers of GI tract tissues in walls of GI tract organs.

a. mucosa - mucous membrane lining the inside of the "tube" (epithelium, loose connective tissue, and smooth muscle)

b. submucosa - “under mucosa” with many vessels, nerve endings and glands (loose connective tissue)

c. muscularis - encircles "tube" to mix and propel food. Also includes sphincters which are muscular valves controlling propulsion.

(smooth muscle)

d. serosa - visceral peritoneum.

(loose connective tissue and epithelium which secretes serous fluid)

B. Organ anatomy

1. Mouth

a. Lips - many blood vessels and touch receptors

b. Palate - roof of oral cavity.

Hard and soft. Uvula is projection from soft. c. Tongue - anchored by lingual frenulum. Covered with papillae.

d. Teeth - allow us to masticate (from the lab - number of teeth we have)

1) Crown (visible part of tooth) - covered by enamel (hardest substance in the body.

2) Root (area below the gum line)

3) Dentin - material making up most of the tooth.

4) Pulp cavity - central part of the tooth surrounded by dentin

- contains nerves, and connective tissues

e. Salivary glands - enzyme and mucus secreting accessory glands.

2. Pharynx - 4 areas

a. nasopharynx - superior, primarily for air passage from nostrils.

b. oropharynx - back of the mouth

c. laryngopharynx - below tongue level

d. epiglottis - part of larynx made of cartilage to close off the opening of the trachea (the glottis)

See Wingerd page 477

3. Esophagus - 25 cm muscular tube.

a. no serosa layer

b. mucosa containing stratified squamous epithelium

c. superior muscularis layer is skeletal muscle, inferior section smooth muscle

d. lower esophageal sphincter near entry to stomach.

4. Stomach - a temporary food storage sac

a. mucosa - folds over itself when empty

b. regions

1) cardia- area at entry of esophagus

2) fundus - bulge above the cardia to store food

3) body - central portion

4) pylorus - narrowed inferior region

c. pyloric sphincter

d. mucosa characteristics

1) gastric pits - tiny openings lined with epithelium

2) gastric glands - connect to gastric pits.

e. muscularis characteristics - 3 layers of muscle (circular, longitudinal, and oblique)

5. Small intestine - completes digestion (chemical and mechanical) and absorption

a. duodenum - first section after the stomach (about 10 inches)

b. jejunum - central portion (about 8 feet long)

c. ileum - connects to large intestine ( about 12 feet long)

d. ileocecal valve

e. intestinal wall anatomy

• mucosa - intestinal villi microvilli (bristles) 1 mm long

• lacteal of lymphatic system

• blood capillaries

6. Large intestine - about 5 feet long and 3 inches in diameter

a. Cecum - pouch-like entry below the ileocecal valve

1) vermiform appendix (worm-like attachment) - narrow channel with a blind end (dead end)

b. Colon - 4 regions based on orientation

  1) ascending colon - right side of abdomen

2) transverse

3) descending

4) sigmoid - last s-shaped section

c. Rectum - straight vertical tube just anterior to the sacrum

d. Anal canal

1) sphincters

a) internal -involuntary

  b) external -voluntary

e. Anus - outlet of rectum.

f. Intestinal wall

  1) mucosa - lacks villi but has folds and has many mucus cells

2) muscularis -not complete muscle coverage but longitudinal muscle

bands.

7. Pancreas - secretes enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

8. Liver and gall bladder. - secretion of enzymes to the duodenum via the common bile duct, hepatic duct and cystic duct - out of gall bladder.