Skeletal System

Chp. 7

Types of Bones

• Long – femur, tibia, humorus, phalange

• Short – carpals, tarsals

• Flat – frontal, parietal, sternum, ribs

• Irregular – vertebra, mandible, coxal

Fractures

• Open – breaks the skin• Closed – encased in the skin• Simple – 1 crack• Compound – multiple cracks• Greenstick - youth• Stress – overuse problem, microscopic

breaks• Spiral – around the bone

Tendons

• Attach muscle to bone

• Achilles

• Calcaneal

• Tennis Elbow

• Tendonitis

• Carpal-tunnel syndrome

Ligaments

• Attaches bone to bone• MCL – medial collateral ligament• LCL – lateral collateral ligament• PCL – Posterior cruciate ligament• ACL – Anterior cruciate ligament• 1 degree - stretching• 2 degree – partially tearing• 3 degree – complete tear (avulsion)

Bone Structure

Bone Development and Growth

• Ossification• types• Intermembraneous• Interchondral

• Osteocytes• Osteoclast• Osteoblast

Organization of the Skeleton

• Axial • skull - head• hyoid – anchors tongue• vertebral column – backbone• thoracic cage - chest

• Appendicular • pectoral girdle - shoulder• upper limbs – arms• pelvic girdle – hips• lower limbs - legs

• Name location #

• Femur thigh 2

Axial skeleton (skull)

• 22 bones?• Sutures• sinus• Cranium – frontal, parietal, occipital,

temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid• Facial – maxillary, palatine, zygomatic,

lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, mandible

• Infantile skull - fontanels

Sinus

• Frontal

• Sphenoid

• Ethmoid

• Maxillary

Axial skeleton (vertebral column)

• Vertebra

• Cervical

• Thoracic

• Lumbar

• Sacrum

• coccyx

Axial skeleton (thoracic cage)

• Sternum – manubrium, xiphoid process

• Ribs – true

• false

• floating

Apendicular Skeleton

• Pectoral girdle

• Upper limb

• Pelvic girdle

• Lower limb

Apendicular Skeleton (pectoral girdle)

• Hannah Montana-Bone dance - Google Video

Pectorial Girdle

• Clavical• Scapula• Humerus• Ulna• Radius• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges of the hand

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges of the hand

Humerus

scapula

Ulna and radius

• Coxal• Femur• Tibia• Fibula• Patella• Tarsels• Metatarsels• Phalanges of the foot

Pelvic girdle

coxal

Tarsels, metatarsels, phalanges of the foot

Tibia and fibula

femur

Apendicular Skeleton (upper limb)

Apendicular Skeleton (pelvic girdle)

Apendicular Skeleton (lower limb)

Joints

• Fibrous Joints – sutures, tibia and fibula

• Cartilaginous Joints – disk/vertebrate, symphysis pubis, ribs

• Synovial Joints

Synovial Joints

• 1. Ball and Socket – hip, shoulder

• 2. condyloid – metacarpals and phalanges

• Oval shape to elliptical

• 3. gliding – wrist and ankle

• 4. Hinge – convex to concave elbow, knee

• 5. pivot – ulna/radius, C-1 &C-2

• 6. saddle – metacarpal and thumb

Types of joint movement

• Flexion – decrease in angle of the joint• Extension – increase in the angle of the joint to

180• Abduction – Away from midline • Adduction - Toward the midline• Dorsiflexion – toes up• Plantar flexion – toes down• Hyperextension - past 180 • Circumduction – 360 circle at end • Rotation – pivot/twist

Types of joint movement

• Pronation – palm down• Supination – palm up• Eversion – sole goes out• Inversion – sole goes in • Retraction – chin back• Protraction – chin out • Elevation – move up• Depression – move down

Skull Quiz

• Cranium mastoid process • Frontal foramen magnum• Parietal mental foramen • Occipital sella turcica turk’s saddle• Temporal coronal suture• Sphenoid occipital condyloid • Ethmoid sagittal suture• Maxillary Zygomatic

Lacrimal Nasal • inferior nasal conchae mandible