Injuries to Skeletal System and Joints. Classification of Bones Long –femur, humerus Short...
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![Page 1: Injuries to Skeletal System and Joints. Classification of Bones Long –femur, humerus Short –carpals, tarsals Flat –frontal, sternum Irregular –vertebral.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd5ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Injuries to Skeletal System and Joints
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Classification of Bones
• Long – femur, humerus
• Short– carpals, tarsals
• Flat– frontal, sternum
• Irregular– vertebral
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Bones of the Cranium
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Bones of the Rib Cage
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Bones of the Vertebral Column
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Bones of the Upper Extremity
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Bones of the Lower Extremity
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Anatomy of Long Bones
• Epiphysis– ends
• Metaphysis– “growth plate” area– epiphysis meets
diaphysis
• Diaphysis– Shaft or axis
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Fractures
• Fractures (fx)– Break or crack in
bones
• 2 types– Compound
• Breaks the skin
– Simple• Does not break the skin• Most fx in sports are
simple
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Types of FracturesOblique
- goes at angle to the axis
Comminuted - many relatively small fragments - “blow out” fx
Spiral - fracture which runs around axis of bone- “s” shaped
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Types of Fractures
Greenstick - incomplete fracture where the bone bends
Transverse - goes across the bone's axis
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Fractures
• Avulsion – fragment of bone is
pulled away where tendon attaches
– Common site• Superior pelvic bone
• Stress– small crack in bone
caused by repeated stress over time
– Common site• Tibia
• 5th metatarsal
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Treatment of Fractures
• Compound1. Medical emergency
2. Control bleeding
3. Call EMS
4. Apply splint if can
5. Avoid any unnecessary movement
6. Will require surgery
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Compound Fracture
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Fracture of Forearm
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Greenstick Fracture
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Displaced Fracture
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Transverse Fracture
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Oblique Fracture
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Stress Fracture
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Avulsion Fracture
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Treating a Fx
• Determine if EMS is needed– Compound fx ?– Severe deformity ?
• Splint fx– Type of splint based on
severity of fx
• Apply ice if can• Send to ER or Dr.
office for x-ray
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Types of Splints
• Splints– Sam splints– Vacuum splints– Air splints– Traction splints
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Joints / Articulations
• Articulations – a joint; the point at
which two bones meet– Over 230 articulations
in the body
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Joints / Articulations
• 3 categories– Fibrous– Cartilaginous– Synovial
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Categories of Joints
1. Fibrous – Immovable joints– Examples
• bones in the cranium (sutures)
• syndesmosis– connective tissue
between tibia and fibula AND radius and ulna
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Categories of Joints
2. Cartilaginous – Slightly moveable– Examples
• Vertebrae• Joint between clavicle
and sternum• Ribs and sternum• Pubis Symphysis
– Between pelvic bones
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Categories of Joints
3. Synovial– Freely movable– Most common joint in the
body– Examples
• elbow• knee• fingers• shoulder
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Classification of Joints
• Classification of Joints
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Motion Groups for Synovial Joints
• Ball and socket – Shoulder– Hip
• Pivot– Atlas & axis (1st & 2nd cervical
vertebra)
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Motion Groups for Synovial Joints
• Hinge– Elbow– Knee– Phalangeal joints
• Saddle– Thumb
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Motion Groups for Synovial Joints
• Condyloid– Wrist (carpal and radius)– Metacarpals and
proximal phalange
• Gliding– Carpals– Tarsals
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Motion Groups of Synovial Joints• Synovial Joints
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Anatomy of a Synovial JointAnatomy of a Synovial Joint
• Ligaments– connects bone to bone
• Synovial Membrane– encloses joint capsule
• Synovial Fluid– colorless fluid within the
joint capsule
• Meniscus – cartilaginous disc inside
the joint
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Anatomy of a Synovial JointAnatomy of a Synovial Joint• Bursa
– sac of synovial fluid between tendons, bones, and ligaments
• Articular cartilage– on end of long bones
Synovial fluid, meniscus, and bursa sacs:1. reduce friction between joints
2. cushions3. acts as a shock absorber
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• Anatomy of Synovial Joints
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Bursa Sacs
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Ligament or Capsular Sprains
• Sprain – overstretching and/or
tearing of ligaments or other connective tissue
• Mechanism of injury– traumatic twisting– can include joint capsule
or synovial membrane
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Symptoms of Joint Sprain
1. Deformity
2. Crepitation – cracking or grating sound
3. Point Tenderness
4. Immediate Swelling
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Degrees of Joint Sprains
1st degree – – minor tearing of
ligaments– mild point tenderness– mild loss of strength– no joint laxity – no decrease in range
of motion (ROM)
Range of Motion (ROM)– the max range through
which a joint can move
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Degrees of Joint Sprains
• 2nd Degree – – partial tearing of ligaments– swelling and tenderness– decreased range of motion– moderate loss of strength– some joint laxity
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Degrees of Joint Sprains
• 3rd Degree – complete tearing of
ligaments– complete loss of
function– severe swelling– increased laxity – immobilize and send
to physician– will be in walking boot
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Degrees of Sprains
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Treatment of SprainsPRICE
1. Protect– avoids further injury
2. Rest 3. Ice – 20 minutes on / 45
minutes off
4. Compression– use elastic wrap
5. Elevate – raise above level of
heart
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Treatment of Sprains
Follow-up • strengthening exercises
– ROM exercises– Therabands– Wobble boards
• wrapping and bracing
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Common Sites for Sprains
• Shoulder• Elbow• Wrist• Knee• Ankle
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Dislocations and Subluxations
• Dislocation – separation of a joint
and malposition of an extremity
– joint goes beyond normal limits
• Subluxation – partial dislocation– “slipped out and went
back in”
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Symptoms of Dislocation
1. Point tenderness
2. Loss of Strength
3. Complete loss of ROM
4. Swelling and Deformity
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Treatment of Dislocations
1. Check area below for pulse2. If pulse impaired, call 9113. Splint injury in most
comfortable position4. Apply ice5. All cases have athlete see
physician
Follow-up - strengthening and flexibility exercises
MOI for Elbow Dislocations
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Dislocated Humeral Head
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Dislocated Thumb
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Dislocated Tibia / Fx Fibula
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Dislocated Ulna
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Dislocated Thumb
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Synovitis and Bursitis• Bursitis
– inflammation of bursa sac
• Synovitis– inflammation of synovial
membrane (lining of joint)
*** Both caused by repetitive motions (overuse injuries)
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Treatment of Synovitis and Bursitis
1. If swelling is present -- ICE technique
2. No swelling – deep heating
Follow-up – stretching
ROM exercises
pain persists, see physician
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Bursitis of the Elbow
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Petallar and Calcaneal Brusitis
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Calcaneal Bursitis
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• Bursitis Health Byte• Elbow (Olecrenon)
Bursitis• Knee Bursitis (Prepatellar
bursitis)• Synovitis of the Shoulder