Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuitsmasek/2018_PPT_02.pdf · Figure 18.26 (a) Connecting...

CHAPTER 18

Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuits

Figure 18.1 The basic structure of a sinusoidal oscillator. A positive-feedback loop is formed by an amplifier and a frequency-selective network. In an actual oscillator circuit, no input signal will be present; here an input signal xs is employed to help explain the principle of operation.

Figure 18.3 (a) An oscillator formed by connecting a positive-gain amplifier in a feedback loop with a bandpass RLC circuit. (b) Breaking the feedback loop at the input of the op amp to determine A(s) ≡ Vo(s)/Vi(s) and β(s) ≡ Vr(s)/Vo(s), and hence the loop gain A(s)β(s).

Figure 18.4 (a) A popular limiter circuit. (b) Transfer characteristic of the limiter circuit; L− and L+ are given by Eqs. (18.8) and (18.9), respectively. (c) When Rf is removed, the limiter turns into a comparator with the characteristic shown.

Figure 18.5 A Wien-bridge oscillator without amplitude stabilization.

Figure 18.6 A Wien-bridge oscillator with a limiter used for amplitude control.

Figure 18.7 A Wien-bridge oscillator with an alternative method for amplitude stabilization.

Figure 18.8 A phase-shift oscillator.

Figure 18.9 A practical phase-shift oscillator with a limiter for amplitude stabilization.

Figure 18.10 (a) A quadrature-oscillator circuit. (b) Equivalent circuit at the input of op amp 2.

Figure 18.11 Block diagram of the active-filter-tuned oscillator.

Figure 18.12 A practical implementation of the active-filter-tuned oscillator.

Figure 18.13 Two commonly used configurations of LC-tuned oscillators: (a) Colpitts and (b) Hartley.

Figure 18.14 (a) A Colpitts oscillator in which the emitter is grounded and the output is taken at the collector. (b) Equivalent circuit of the Colpitts oscillator of (a). To simplify the analysis, Cμ and rπ are neglected. We can consider Cπ to be part of C2, and we can include ro in R.

Figure 18.15 Complete discrete-circuit implementation for a Colpitts oscillator.

Figure 18.16 (a) The cross-coupled LC oscillator. (b) Signal equivalent circuit of the cross-coupled oscillator in (a).

Figure 18.17 A piezoelectric crystal. (a) Circuit symbol. (b) Equivalent circuit. (c) Crystal reactance versus frequency [note that, neglecting the small resistance r, Zcrystal = jX(ω)].

Figure 18.18 A Pierce crystal oscillator utilizing a CMOS inverter as an amplifier.

Figure 18.19 A positive-feedback loop capable of bistable operation.

Figure 18.20 A physical analogy for the operation of the bistable circuit. The ball cannot remain at the top of the hill for any length of time (a state of unstable equilibrium or metastability); the inevitably present disturbance will cause the ball to fall to one side or the other, where it can remain indefinitely (the two stable states).

Figure 18.23 (a) Block diagram representation and transfer characteristic for a comparator having a reference, or threshold, voltage VR. (b) Comparator characteristic with hysteresis.

Figure 18.24 Illustrating the use of hysteresis in the comparator characteristic as a means of rejecting interference.

Figure 18.26 (a) Connecting a bistable multivibrator with inverting transfer characteristics in a feedback loop with an RC circuit results in a square-wave generator. (b) The circuit obtained when the bistable multivibrator is implemented with the circuit of Fig. 18.21(a). (c) Waveforms at various nodes of the circuit in (b). This circuit is called an astable multivibrator.

Figure 18.27 A general scheme for generating triangular and square waveforms.

Figure 18.28 (a) An op-amp monostable circuit. (b) Signal waveforms in the circuit of (a).

Figure 18.29 A block diagram representation of the internal circuit of the 555 integrated-circuit timer.

Figure 18.30 (a) The 555 timer connected to implement a monostable multivibrator. (b) Waveforms of the circuit in (a).

Figure 18.31 (a) The 555 timer connected to implement an astable multivibrator. (b) Waveforms of the circuit in (a).

Figure 18.32 Using a nonlinear (sinusoidal) transfer characteristic to shape a triangular waveform into a sinusoid.

Figure 18.33 (a) A three-segment sine-wave shaper. (b) The input triangular waveform and the output approximately sinusoidal waveform.

Figure 18.34 A differential pair with an emitter-degeneration resistance used to implement a triangular-wave to sine-wave converter. Operation of the circuit can be graphically described by Fig. 18.32.

Figure E18.25

Figure P18.7

Figure P18.10

Figure P18.15

Figure P18.16

Figure P18.20

Figure P18.24

Figure P18.25

Figure P18.26

Figure P18.27

Figure P18.28

Figure P18.34

Figure P18.41

Figure P18.43

Figure P18.49

Figure P18.51

Figure P18.52

Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuitsmasek/2018_PPT_02.pdf · Figure 18.26 (a) Connecting...

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