Post on 30-Dec-2015
SI SessionSI Session
Blood and Circulation
Spring 2010
For Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Class
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 sibio@att.net
Picture from http://www.staff.fcps.net/jholley/photogallery/photo_gallery.htm
The heart and circulationWhat are three major functions of blood?
What are some substances transported by blood?How does blood help maintain pH? Body temperature?What are white blood cells and what do they do?
What is plasma? Function of plasma proteins? How is plasma volume regulated?What is the principal role of red blood cells?What do platelets do? What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways? What triggers each? (Don’t try to memorize the pathways.)What are the five types of white blood cells?What is hematopoiesis and where in the body does it take place?What kinds of events affect the acid-base balance of the blood? What can correct alkalosis or acidosis?What are the four chambers of the heart? Which receive blood, and from where? Which pump out blood, and to where? Where are the AV and semilinar valves?What can an ECG tell you about heart function? (significance of P, QRS and T waves)What are factors that can cause the heart rate to increase or decrease?Describe some factors that increase or decrease blood pressure.Arteries and veins:
Which carries blood away from the heart, and which toward the heart?Which carries oxygenated blood, and which deoxygenated (and what is the exception)?What are the structural differences between arteries and veins?
What is the role of the lymphatic system in:Maintaining body fluid levels?Defense of the body against infection?
__________ system- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
Functions of Circulatory SystemFunctions of Circulatory SystemTransportationTemperature regulationImmune function
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______________ system- heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Functions of Blood Functions of Blood
•TransportsTransportsDissolved gases (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide); Waste products of metabolism (e.g. water, urea);Hormones, Enzymes Nutrients (eg. glucose, amino acids, Vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, glycerol)Plasma proteins (blood clotting factors, antibodies, albumins)Blood cells and other elements (RBC, WBC, pletelets)
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•Maintains body temperature Maintains body temperature
•Controls pHControls pH slightly basic pH 7.4 6.8 to 7.4, otherwise it begins to damage cells.
•Removes toxins from the bodyRemoves toxins from the body Send to the kidney kidneys filter all of the blood in the body
•Regulation of Body Fluid ElectrolytesRegulation of Body Fluid Electrolytes Fluid ~ by osmosis, Electrolytes ~ eg. Excess salt is removed from the body in urine
•Immune functionImmune function Lymphocytes, antibodies.. etc
Functions of Blood Functions of Blood
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__________ Lack nuclei and mitochondria
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A: B: C: D:E:F:
Blood plasmaBuffy coat(WBCs, platelets)
RBCs(Erythrocytes)
Platelets(Thrombocyte )
WBCs(Leukocytes)
RBCs(Erythrocytes)
__________ Transportation- oxygen and carbon dioxide
__________ are required for clotting against blood loss
Erythrocytes
ThrombocyteErythrocytes,Thrombocyte
__________ Have a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid abilityLeukocytes
__________ Granular or agranular; function in immunity.Leukocytes__________ is present in the blood in greatest numbers Erythrocytes
What proteins are found in plasma?Albumins, Globulins, & Fibrinogen
_________ Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H2O from interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure.
Albumins
________ Carry transport; some are antibodies produced by lympocytes.Globulins
________ Serves as clotting factor.Fibrinogen
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Leukocytes(WBCs)Leukocytes(WBCs)-(Don’t have/Have) a nucleus, mitochondria, and amoeboid ability.
- help detoxify foreignsubstances and release heparin.
-Monocytes ~Phagocytic-B-lympocytes - antibodies.
eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils
lymphocytes and monocytes
AgranularAgranularGranularGranular
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Erythropoiesis-Stimulated by ______________
from kidney.
-Old RBCs phagocytized.
-____ recycled
HematopoiesisHematopoiesis
- formation of blood cells from stem cells in ___________ and _____________.bone marrow lymphoid tissue
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Leukopoiesis-Stimulated by __________. = autocrine regulators secreted by immune system
erythropoietin (EPO)
Iron
cytokines
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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting
What is the first step in after a blood vessel is injured?Vasoconstriction
What is the role of platelets(thrombocyte) in the blood clotting? -Form a plug by sticking to each other-release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction-provide phospholipids in their cell membranes to activate cotting factors.
What is the last step in clot formation?Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a mesh
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Platelets(thrombocytes) in blood clotting…..Platelets(thrombocytes) in blood clotting…..-Form a plug by sticking to each other-Release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction-Provide phospholipids needed for the intrinsic pathway
_________ convert prothrombin to thrombin in common pathway.
_________ is involved vasoconstriction.
_________ refers to a process whereby bleeding is halted. Hemostasis
Platelets Hemostasis Fibrinogen Ca2+ Serotonin Plasmin Phospholipids Thrombin
_________ is required as a cofactor in clotting sequences
_________ is a soluble protein and converted into insoluble threads of fibrin. Fibrinogen
_________ digests fibrin, dissolving clot.PlasminSerotonin, Platelets
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_________ converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a meshwork.
Ca2+,
Phospholipids
Thrombin
_________ release chemicals that stimulate vasoconstriction.Platelets
_________ is(are) clotting factor(s).Fibrinogen(I)Ca2+(IV)
Ca2+,
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Both Vitamin K and Ca2+ are needed for proper function of clotting factors.
Is Ca2+ one of clotting factors? Yes! It is factor IV!Is Vit K one of clotting factors? No! It is involved for formation of
some clotting factors in the liver.
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Vitamin KVitamin K-needed for formation of prothrombin and other clotting
factors in liver.
-needed for proper function of _____________.
-__________ blocks clotting by inhibiting activation of Vit K.
-Low Vit K in the blood.
(Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting.
clotting factors
Coumarin
CaCa2+2+
-needed for proper function of ____________.-Low Ca2+ in the blood. (Inhibits/promotes) blood clotting.-_______ combines with Ca2+ and inhibits the activity of clotting factors.
clotting factors
In detail, glutamate—(Vit K)Gamma-carboxyglutamate glutamate at binding Ca2+ Activate cotting factors
Citrate
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Blood type A+-On the surface of RBCs: ______________
-In the plasma: __________________
A-antigen, Rh+antigen
Antibody against B (Anti-B)
Blood type AB+-On the surface of RBCs: _________________________
-In the plasma: __________________
A-antigen, B-antigen,& Rh+antigen
None against ABO
Blood type O+-On the surface of RBCs: _____________
-In the plasma: __________________
Rh+antigenAntibodies against A & B(Anti-B, Anti-B)
Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?
None of them
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Able to receive blood from any other group
in the ABO system.
Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?
None of them
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Able to receive blood from any other group
in the ABO system.
Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?
None of them
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Able to receive blood from any other group
in the ABO system.
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Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?
None of them
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Able to receive blood from any other group
in the ABO system.
AB+
Universal donor-Which antibody against ABO does have?
Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh if exposed to Rh+
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Can receive from ____
-Can give to everybody.
O-
O-
Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?
None of them
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Able to receive blood from any other group
in the ABO system.
AB+AB+AB+AB+Universal recipient-Which antibody against ABO does have?
None of them
-Agglutination (occurs/does not occur).
-Able to receive blood from any other group
in the ABO system.
AB+
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Table note
Recipient Donor
O− O+ A− A+ B− B+ AB− AB+
O−
O+
A−
A+
B−
B+
AB−
AB+
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Blood Type A+ Blood Type O+
Donor
Donor Recipient
Recipient
agglutination!
What about antibodies in donor blood???
The possible reactions of anti-A and anti-B antibodies present in the transfused blood to the recipients RBCs are not considered, because a relatively small volume of plasma containing antibodies is transfused. -Consider (blood elements/plasma) of donor in blood transfusion.
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AggutinationBlockage of small vessels, hemolysisDamage the kidneys and other organs
Transfusion errorTransfusion error
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In later pregnancies mom may produce______________
Rh – people don’t make anti-Rh antibodies until __________________________________
Antibodies cross placenta causing __________________
2nd pregnancy with Rh+ baby
1st pregnancy with Rh+ baby
RhoGAM
Rh antibodies.
hemolysis of fetal RBCs.
after their first exposure to Rh antigen.
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Blood vesselsBlood vessels
Artery (from the heart to the body)
Vein (from the body to the heart)
Capillary
F
A B
D
LumenBlood vesselsBlood vessels
Tunica interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa
C D E C D
A:B:C:D:E:F:G:H:I:
ArteryVeinTunica internaTunica mediaTunica externaValveVenulesArteriolesCarpillaries
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GH
I
______ : the hollow space inside Three layers:___________________________________
___________-The middle tissue -smooth muscle-controls blood flow by changing the lumen size___________-the outermost tissue -dense connective tissue-protects and strengthens the blood vessel
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______ : the hollow space inside Three layers:
___________________________________
___________-The innermost tissue -simple squamous epithelial tissue-smooth surface for blood flow
LumenBlood vesselsBlood vessels
Tunica interna, Tunica media, & Tunica externa
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Lumen size smaller largerTunica media thicker thinnerIn systemic loop… carry O2-rich carry O2-poor
Blood to organs blood from organsIn pulmonic loop… carry O2-poor carry O2-rich
Blood to lungs blood from lungsSmall ones called… arterioles venulesOther features higher blood pressure one-way valves
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Arteries vs. VeinArteries vs. Vein
ArteriesArteries VeinVein
CapillariesCapillaries:The smallest blood vessels
-the thinness wall :only the tunica (interna, media, externa) So, diffuse easily.-only found in ______.-blood arterioles venules-exchange Gases or substances O2 & nutrients to the tissue fluid cells CO2 & waste to the tissue fluid blood
organs
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Maintain proper ECF levels-Normally filtration-Osmotic reuptake-Lymphatic drainage
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EdemaEdema
-High blood pressure or Venous obstruction
-Increased tissue protein concentration
-Decreased plasma protein concentration resulting from liver
disease.
-Obstruction of lymphatic vessels
-Leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial fluid
-Hypothyroidism-Excess production of glycoproteins in extracellular matrix.
MyxedemaMyxedema
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ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors -Monitor blood PCO2, PO2, and pH (H+).
H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+H+ + HCO3
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PCO2 is most crucial effects on blood pH. Increased CO2 H+ increases (decreased pH) Decreased CO2 H+ decreass (Increased pH)
Blood Brain barrier(BBB)Blood Brain barrier(BBB)-H+ cannot cross the BBB but,monitor blood CO2
-Since PCO2 is most crucial effects on blood pH.
Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)Hyperventilation (Overbreathing)-the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary -More O2 in; More CO2 out High O2, Low CO2Low CO2 in the body
Hypoventilation (RHypoventilation (Respiratory depressionespiratory depression))-Ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange. Or the state of breathing slower and/or lighter. -Less O2 in; Less CO2 out Low O2, High CO2High CO2 in the body
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Low blood pH-stimulates chemoreceptor in ____________________.-(increase/decrease) ventilation.
Hypoventilation-Increased PCO2
(increases/decrease) [H+]; lower pH
stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla.
(increase/decrease) ventilation.
Hyperventilation-Decreased PCO2
Decrease [H+]; (rise/lower) pH
stimulates chemoreceptor in medulla.
(increase/decrease) ventilation.
aortic and carotid bodies
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008
What is hemoglobin and what role does it play in gas transport?
Hemoglobin (Hb)Hemoglobin (Hb)
-_______ polypeptide chains
_____________that bind O2
4 globin 4 heme groups
Loading of Hb with O2 occurs in ______; unloading in ______.
lungstissues
Each heme has a ferrous ion that can bind __ O2 Therefore, each Hb can carry __O2s
14
O2-carrying capacity of blood depends on its ____ levels Hb
Hb production is controlled by ________________The EPO Production stimulated by ________ in kidneys
erythropoietin (EPO)low PO2
CarboxyhemoglobinCarboxyhemoglobin -Contains heme combined with carbon monoxide(CO) -The heme can't bind O2.
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What are PCO2, PO2 anyway?
PCO2 : partial pressure of CO2
Pgas : partial pressure of that gas
PO2 : partial pressure of O2
When we say ….“High PO2” – “Low PO2” –
indicates that more oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.indicates that less oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.
PO2 (does/does not) contain oxygen in Hb.
Most O2 in the blood is located in the (plasma/RBCs).
PO2 (does/does not) provide a measurement of the total oxygen content of “whole” blood.
O2 must first dissolve in the plasma before it can diffuse to the tissue cells increasing PO2.
AnemiaAnemia-Lower Hb levels than normal.
PolycythemiaPolycythemia-Hb levels above normal
Androgens promote RBC production Hb levels in men are higher.
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Hb-O2 affinityHb-O2 affinity -Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) Higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb. -Change by pH ↓pH ↓ Affinity More unloading ↑pH ↑ Affinity Less unloading -Change by Temperature. ↓Temp. ↓ Affinity More unloading ↑Temp. ↑ Affinity Less unloading
Sickle-cell AnemiaSickle-cell Anemia-HbS :Single amino acid change causes crystallization at low PO2 (e.s. Low PO2 at High altitude)
Makes RBCs less flexible and more fragile-8-11% of African Americans-Mostly genetic
So, a person with sickle-cell anemia is suggest NOT to take a air plane or NOT to climb a mountain.
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People with sickle cell trait are less likely to get malaria. (provides malaria resistance.)
MyoglobinMyoglobin-O2 storage found in muslces.-has only 1 globin, so can bind only 1O2.-Higher affinity for O2 than Hb.-Releases O2 only at low PO2.
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A:B:C:D:E:F:
G:H:I:J:K
AortaPulmonary valveR.atriumTricuspid valvePulmonary arteryL.atrium
Aortic valveMitral valveL.ventricleVentricular septumR.ventricle
The function of valve- Prevent backflow of blood
Atrioventricular(AV) valves-Between _______ & ________-(R) (L)
atrium ventricletricuspid valve mitral valve
Semilunar valves--Open when _________ contractionPulmonary valve, Aortic valve
ventricular
T waveT wave - results from ___________________.
- ventricular __________
P wave P wave - caused by _________________. - _____ contraction
depolarization or atria
QRS complex QRS complex -- caused by _____________________
- ___________ contraction
ventricular depolarization
ventricular repolarization
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Called __________P-R interval
Atrial
Ventricular
relaxation
Heart
Artery
Arteriole Capillary
Venule
Vein
Heart
•HeartArteriesArteriolesCapillaries• VenulesVeinsHeart
From Dr. Hughey’s Bio42 class slide
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__atria & __ventricles
Heart structureHeart structure
2 2A: F:B: C: G:D: E: H: I: J:
R. AtriumR. VentricleL. AtriumL. VentricleSuperior vena cavaAorta
Inferior vena cavaPulmonaryarteryPulmonary veinLung
-Oxygeneted Blood
-Low O2 in Blood
________ Blood flow from the heart.________ Blood flow to the heart.ArteriesVein
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The heart pumps blood through two blood vessel loops.
_____________Blood heart lungsPicks up O2 and releases CO2 in to the
air
_________________
-Blood heart to all organs(except the lungs)
-delivers O2 and nutrients to cells-picks up CO2
Pulmonary loop
Systemic loop
-Oxygeneted Blood
-Low O2 in Blood________ Blood flow from the heart.________ Blood flow to the heart.ArteriesVein
_________________ -Lungs Heart
-R.vetricle through lungs and back to L.atrium
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Pulmonary circulation
________________ -Heart body
-L.vetricle to body and back to R.atriumSystemic circulation
Blood Flow
Tissue Superior/Inferior vena cava
R.atrium
R.ventricle
Pulmonary arteryLungsPulmonary vein
L.atrium
L.ventricle
Aorta
-Oxygeneted Blood
-Low O2 in Blood
________ Blood flow from the heart.________ Blood flow to the heart.ArteriesVein
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The first arteries (From the heart)-________________ in the pulmonary loop -________________ in the systemic loopPulmonary arteriesAorta
The last vein (to the heart)-________________ in the pulmonary loop -________________ in the systemic loopPulmonary veinSuperior vena cava & Inferior vena cava
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•TransportTransport - Fluid transport from tissues (Lymph) to the blood(venous blood
stream). - Fat transport from intestines to the blood.
•Immune responseImmune response - provide immunological defenses against pathogens
Lymphatic systemLymphatic system
____________-filter lymph before returning it to veins.-contain phagocytic cells that that remove pathogens.-make lymphocytes.
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________ :faintly yellowish fluid derived from body tissues that contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system.
Lymph
Lymphatic capillariesLymphatic capillaries-form vast networks in intercellular spaces.-Very porous; absorb proteins,Microorganisms, and fat.
Lymph nodes
* Lymphocytes also made in tonsils, spleen, thymus.