Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]@att.net SI session Chapter 11 Endocrine System...
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Transcript of Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]@att.net SI session Chapter 11 Endocrine System...
Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]
SI session
Chapter 11
Endocrine System
(Part 1)
Spring 2010
Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Lec.
Picture: http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=10681
Endocrine system
regulates…..
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GrowthDevelopment
MetabolismReproduction
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Lack the ducts in the glands
Exocrine systemEndocrine system
Hormones
Go to target cells via blood stream
Go outside body via ducts
Sweat, wax,
Ducts in the glands
________________
Endocrine gland? Exocrine gland?
Exocrine gland Endocrine gland______________
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_______ hormones - have a
backbone of four fused carbon rings
______ hormones -
modified amino acids
___________ = a chemical signalHormones
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_____________ hormones -
polymers of amino acids
Amine
Peptide/Protein
Steroid
A
B
C
D
E
FH
G
Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
G:
H:
Thyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Pituitary glands
Pineal glands
Hypothalamus
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009
•Glands •Secreting cells•Hormones
•Blood stream (plasma)
•Target organs•Target cells•Receptors
a specific ________ for the hormone in a cell.
Target organ
- The organ that receives the signal( ________)? hormone
How does the target organ receive the hormone?
After the target organ receive the hormone…
receptor
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its receptor binds the hormone
Specific action!
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The target cells in the target organs must have ______________ for the hormone/neurotransmitter. specific receptors
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A receptor is specific for the hormone
The cells in the target organs must have _______________for the hormone/neurotransmitter
Specificreceptor
Endocrine glands
specific receptors
Different
receptor
Hormones are secreted into the ____________ byendocrine glands.
Target organs
blood stream
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009
Liphophilic HormonesLiphophilic Hormones
- (can/cannot )diffuse into target
cells.-Steroid and thyroid hormones. -Receptors in ______________
Water soluble HormonesWater soluble Hormones-(can/cannot )diffuse into target
cells.
-Receptor on ______________ -with (channel / 2nd messengers)
cytoplasm or nucleus
Cell membrane
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_______ is time required for blood level to be reduced by half.Half-life
Hormones - Not accumulated in the blood. - removed by target cells and by liver. - excreted in the urine. - Converted into inactive forms by enzyme. e.g. steroids water soluble Excreted in the urine and bile.
_______ hormones
:stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones
Tropic
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Gland2 target organ
Gland1 Gland2 target organTrophic hormone
Over secretion caused usually by _______.a tumor
Normal gland Normal target organ
Normal action
Tumor gland
Abnormal action
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Normal target organOver secretion
Trophic hormone
Tumor gland
Over secretionAbnormal action
Normal gland
Endocrine system disordersEndocrine system disorders
::over secretion or under secretion of hormones.
Tumor gland
Abnormal action
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Normal target organ
Trophic hormone
Tumor gland
Over secretionAbnormal action
Normal gland
“The tumor can be in the gland that controls the target organ or in a gland
that releases tropic hormones to control the gland that controls the target
organ.”
Tumor glandAbnormal action
Tumor gland
Trophic hormoneOver secretion
Under secretion caused by _______.damage
Normal gland Normal target organ
Normal action
Damaged gland
Abnormal action
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Normal target organUnder secretion
Damaged glandAbnormal action
Normal glandTrophic hormone
under secretion
Endocrine system disordersEndocrine system disorders
::over secretion or under secretion of hormones
___________ store and releases hormones made in
hypothalamus.
A
B
C
A: B:
C: B&C:Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary Pituitary gland
________________ secretes its own hormones.Hypothalamus,Anterior P.
___________ secretes its own hormones
regulated by hypothalamus feedback control.
Anterior P.
Posterior P.
___________ produce trophic hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH,
FSH,LH, PRL.
Anterior P.
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AB
C
D
E
H
F
A:
C:
E:
G:
H:
Cell body(neuron)
Primary capillary
Anterior P.Inhibiting/releasing hormone
Anterior P. hormones
Secondary capillary
Posterior P.
-secretes inhibiting or releasing hormones to
(anterior/posterior) P. by capillary network.
G
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B:
D:
HypothalamusHypothalamus-Master gland?-connected directly to (anterior/ posterior)
pituitary release _____________.Oxytocin & ADH
___________
-store and releases hormones: ____________________
The hormones are made in ____________ .
A
B
C
A: B:
C: B&C:Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary Pituitary gland
________________ secretes its own hormones.Hypothalamus, A.pituitary.
___________ secretes its own hormones
regulated by hypothalamus feedback control.
A. pituitary
P. pituitary
A. pituitary produce ___________________________.
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hypothalamus
oxytocin & ADH(antidiuretic hormone)
GH, prolactin, & trophic hormones
Hormones secreted by the Anterior P.
A
BC
D
E
F
G
H
I
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
G:
H:
I:
Hypothalamus
Anterior P.
Posterior P.
PRL: Prolactin
GH: Growth H.
LH
FSH
ACTH
TSH
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Trophic hormone in A. pituitary gland: control ___________________________________Thyroid glands, adrenal glands, & gonads
PRL: Prolactin, GH(Growth H.), LH, FSH,
ACTH, TSH
_____________ promotes growth, protein synthesis, and movement of amino acids into cells.
GH(Growth H.)
_______ stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4 and T3.TSH
_______ stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone.
ACTH
_________stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production.FSH
________causes ovulation and secretion of testosterone in
testes.
LH
____________stimulates milk production by mammary
glands.
PRL: Prolactin
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___________
-store and releases hormones: ____________________
The hormones are made in ____________ .
P. pituitary
hypothalamus
oxytocin & ADH(antidiuretic hormone)
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ADHADH-controlled by the hypothalamushypothalamus-Hypothalamus monitor the blood’s osmolarity with osmoreceptors.
-Osmolarity is high in the bloodOsmolarity is high in the blood :Low water ;“dehydrated”. by excess perspiration, not drinking, sufficient liquids, diarrhea. more ADH, reabsorb more water into the blood
-Osmolarity is low in the bloodOsmolarity is low in the blood : High water by drinking excess beverages less ADH reabsorb less water into the blood
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008
ADH(Antidiuretic hormone)
Plasma volume
Plasma osmolity
Osmotic pressure
Detected by
osmoreceptors in
_____________
_____ is released
Thirst
______reabsorption
Plasma volume
Urinehypothalamus
ADH H2O
How is kidney function specifically regulated by (i.e., which part of the nephron and what happens); Antidiuretic hormone, Renin-angiotensin system, Aldosterone, Sympathetic nerve activity
Do these tend to increase or decrease urine production? With respect to aldosterone: which ion is reabsorbed, and which is secreted, when aldosterone is produced?
Water balanceWater balance
-Gained from beverages and foods
-Lost in urine, feces, perspiration(sweating),
and evaporation(skin/lungs)
-Regulated by __________________
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Picture from http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/blog/2009/06/
ADHADH
- released from the pituitary
-Cause the nephron to reabsorb water
from the blood
-Less ADHLess ADH
____ water reabsorbed
__ water in blood
_________________ urine
-More ADH More ADH
____ water reabsorbed
__ water in blood
______________________ of urine
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Diluted, high volume
Less
More
Picture from: http://www.creationofman.net/chapter3/res/52.jpg
Concentrated, low volume
Release of Anterior P. hormones is controlled by
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors and by
(positive/negative) feedback from levels of target gland
hormones.Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009
AB
C
D
C
D
A: B:
C: D:
Adrenal gland Kidney
Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
_____________ synthesizes catecholamines
(epinephrine, norepinephrine).
Adrenal medulla
____________controlled by ACTH from anterior
pituitary.
Adrenal cortex
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____________ -The formation or synthesis of glycogen.
____________ -The biochemical breakdown of glycogen to
glucose.
Glycogenolysis
____________ -The process that converts excess dietary carbohydrates into fat for storage as a source of long-term energy.
Lipogenesis
__________ is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells.
Voca. ReviewVoca. Review
Glycogenesis
Lipolysis
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________________ production of glucose from amino acids
and lactic acid.
Gluconeogenesis
-synthesizes catecholamines (__________,
____________).
epinephrineNorepinephrine
AdrenalAdrenal medullamedulla
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:Regulate the body’s response to
____________short-term stress
AdrenalAdrenal cortexcortex
Glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol)-Steroid hormones- inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates gluconeogenesis (Fats & proteins glucose)-released response to _____________.
-(decrease/increase) the immune system’s activity
long-term stress
__________which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and
secrete K+.; mineralcorticoids
____________________inhibits glucose utilization and
stimulates gluconeogenesis.
AdrenalAdrenal cortexcortex
Cortisol(glucocorticoid)
Aldosterone
__________ some supplementary sex steroids.Androgens
Chronic stress can induce high levels of _______.cortisol
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-controlled by _______ (A.pituitary).
-Cholesterol based hormones steroid hormones
-depress immune response; inhibit inflammation.
ACTH
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CortisolCortisol
-Glucocorticoid hormone(steroid)
-from adrenal (cortex/medulla)-stimulated by ______ (A. pituitary)
- __ Glucogenesis and (inhibit/stimulate) glucose utilization
overall __ blood sugar level.
-__ lipolysis release of free fatty acids into the blood.
Adrenal cortex
ACTH
-Reduce _______ system activity -To treat inflammatory disease. eg. Asthma
Synthetic glucocorticoidsSynthetic glucocorticoids immune
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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_________________
-OverOver secretion of glucocorticoids.
- High blood sugar, muscle degeneration,
and fatty deposits on neck and face.
Cushing’s syndrome
_______________
-UnderUnder secretion of glucocorticoids and
mineral corticoids.
-Sodium imbalance, low blood sugar,
dehydration, and weakness.
Addison’s disease
United States president John F. Kennedy
(1961-63), probably the single most famous
case of Addison's Disease. – Wikipedia.org
Glucocorticoid hormone disordersGlucocorticoid hormone disorders
-synthesizes catecholamines (__________, ____________).
-similar to (parasym./sym.)nervous system
(Increased/decreased) respiratory rate
(Increased/decreased) HR and cardiac output
(vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
epinephrine Norepinephrine
(Rise/lower) in blood glucose
(Rise/lower) in blood fatty acids
glycogenesis
lipolysis
AdrenalAdrenal medullamedulla
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“Fight or flight”
Parathyroids secretes _____. -promotes a rise in blood ______ levels.
_______ -set BMR and are needed for
growth, development. Protein synthesis
Maturation of nervous system
Increase rate of cell respiration
AB
A: B:
C:
Trachea Thyroid glands
C
Parathyroid glands
Thyroids secretes _________________.
T4, T3, & Calcitonin
PTHCa2+
T4, T3
_________
- inhibits dissolution of bone
- stimulates excretion of Ca2+ in urine
therefore, (lower/rise) Ca2+ level in blood.
Calcitonin
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_____-increase resorption in bone. -increase absorption in small intestine.-increase absorption in kidney. therefore, (lower/rise) Ca2+ level in blood.
________- inhibits dissolution of bone- stimulates excretion of Ca2+ in urine therefore, (lower/rise) Ca2+ level in blood.
Calcitonin
PTH
Calcium levels regulated by hormone- ______________
calcitonin & PTH
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008
When blood Ca2+ level rises…. When blood Ca2+ level rises…. What sorts of mechanisms increase, and decrease, calcium levels in the blood?
Negative feedback!
When blood Ca2+ level falls…. When blood Ca2+ level falls….
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What sorts of mechanisms increase, and decrease, calcium levels in the blood?
Negative feedback!
Thyroid hormones are regulated(stimulated)
by _____ produced in ________.TSH Anterior P.
Ca2+ level in blood regulated by ________ & _____.
- ________ increases Ca2+ level in blood.
- ________ decrease Ca2+ level in blood.
Calcitonin PSH
PSH
Calcitonin
Release of TSH is controlled by
(positive/negative) feedback from
__________________________levels of target gland hormones
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Thyroid hormones are regulated(stimulated)
by _____ produced in ________.TSH Anterior P.
If iodine inadequate
______ is an essential element that enables the thyroid
gland to produce thyroid hormones.
Iodine
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GoiterGoiter- Iodine (deficiency/excess)make (excessive/little) T3 & T4.
(high/low) T4 level in the blood.
Decrease ability to adapt to cold.causes (excessive/little) TSH (stimulates abnormal/inhibits) thyroid
growth
Inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones
are called _____________.Hypothyroidism
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Thyroid hormones(T3/T4) are secreted when ____ binds their receptors.
TSH
Graves’ diseaseGraves’ diseaseNormal Graves’ disease
T3/T4 are excesses and (suppress/stimulate) TSH.(Low/High) T3/T4 in the blood (Low/High) TSH in the blood
In high level, T3/T4 (inhibit/stimulate) TSH.
In low level, T3/T4 (inhibit/stimulate) TSH.
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___________ = Over secretion of thyroid hormone.
___________ = Under secretion of thyroid hormone.
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Hyperthyroid
Hypothyroid
Hyperthyroid
(Graves Disease)Hypothyroid
(cretinism)Goiter
-low ______ in diet
(Hyper-/Hypothyroid)iodine
-KidneyKidney
the major organ for balance of
blood substances
:Water balance
:Na+ and K+ balance
:Blood pressure
:H+ balance (pH)
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2008
_________: A substance enters the glomerular ultrafiltrate.Filtration
_____________: A substance is transported from the filtrate, through
tubular cells, and into the blood.Reabsorption
_____________: A substance is transported from peritubular blood,
through tubular cells, and into the filtrate.Secretion
In the kidneyIn the kidney
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Sodium balance-Gained from beverages and foods
-Lost in urine, feces, and perspiration
-regulated by the adrenal hormone aldosteronealdosterone
Aldosterone Aldosterone -released adrenal gland
-reabsorb sodium into the blood
-Less aldosteroneLess aldosterone
Less sodium reabsorbed
Low sodium in blood
High sodium in urine
-More aldosteroneMore aldosterone
More sodium reabsorbed
More sodium in blood
Less sodium in urine
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Sodium balanceSodium balance
-Gained from beverages and foods
-Lost in urine, feces, and perspiration
-regulated by the adrenal hormone
aldosteronealdosterone
AldosteroneAldosterone
-Low sodium in the bloodLow sodium in the blood
More aldosterone in adrenal gland
reabsorb more into the blood
-High sodium in the bloodHigh sodium in the blood
Less aldosterone in adrenal gland
reabsorb less into the blood
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* High sodium diet causes high sodium concentration in the blood.
Potassium balancePotassium balance-Aldosterone-Aldosterone
:causes the nephrons to secrete potassium
-More aldosteroneMore aldosterone
More potassium secreted into nephron
Low potassium in blood
High potassium in urine
-Less aldosterone Less aldosterone
Less potassium secretion
High potassium in blood
Low potassium in urine
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BC
A
A: B:
C: D:Beta-cell
Alpha-cell
Pancreas
GlucagonGlucagon
-Secreated by (alpha-/beta) cells.-(glycogenesis/glycogenolysis/
lipogenesis/lipolysis)
-respond to (low/high) blood glucose
-(Increase/decrease) blood glucose.
InsulinInsulin
-Secreated by (alpha-/beta) cells.
-(glycogenesis/glycogenolysis/lipogenesis/lipolysis)
-responds to (low/high) blood glucose
-(promotes/inhibits) the entry of glucose into tissue cells.
-(Increases/decreases) blood glucose in the blood
D
Islet of langerhans
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Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009
Why do we sleep at night?Why do we sleep at night?
What is she doing?What is she doing?
SCN(suprachiasmatic nucleus)
-In hypothalamus
-primary center for circadian
rhythms
- Reset by daily light/dark
changes
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-Receive information from the _______about the daily pattern
of light and darkness.
retina
A
A:Pineal gland
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-Secretes ________ in response to activity of
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of ____________.
-At darkness
(Increase/Decrease) melatonin
-At light
(Increase/Decrease) melatonin
melatoninhypothalamus
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During autumn and winterDuring autumn and winter
- Excess ________
- Seasonal affective disorder, a form of
depression
melatonin
________
the inability to obtain an
adequate amount or quality of
sleep.
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InsomniaInsomnia
-Elderly people - lowest ________ at night.melatonin