Steffen Staab Semantic (Web) Technologies – Principles and Practice 1Institute for Web Science and Technologies · University of Koblenz-Landau, GermanyWeb and Internet Science Group · ECS · University of Southampton, UK &

Semantic (Web) Technologies

Principles and Practices

Steffen Staab

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Daten – Menschen

Meaning?

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Traditional Information System

Business Logics

Structured DataUnstructured

Data

Presentation and Interaction

Characteristics:• Processes are

known• Data structures

are known• Meaning of data

primarily in schema and code

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Today‘s Information Eco-systems

Examples:• Open Data• 10000 DBs/firm• Cloud(s)• Ad-hoc data

Characteristics:• Little structure• Semi-structured

data• Meaning of data of

primary importance!

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Principles

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Issue 1: Data ModelsData Models:• Relational• Tree (XML,...)• Document oriented• Stream• Array• Graph-DB

RDFGraph data model as common denominator

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Dealing with issue 1: RDF as data model

RDFGraph data model as common denominator

knowsStaab Saric

56075

hasPLZ

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Issue 2: Conceptual Models

Conceptual Models:• ER• UML• ...

RDFSOntology as common

denominator

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Issue 2: RDFS as common conceptual meta model

RDFSfor explicit conceptual

description

knowsStaab Saric

56075

hasPLZ

Academic Industr.employee

typetype

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Issue 3: System boundaries

IRIsfor globally unique

referencing

o:knowsko:Staab bi:Saric

56075

o:hasPLZ

o:Academic o:Industr.employee

rdf:typerdf:type

o = http://myonto.orgrdf = https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/

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Information Systems

Traditional:• Closed world• Known processes• Carefully curated data• Data storage

expensive and limited

Data = Truth

Novel:• Open world• Ad-hoc processes• Error-prone data• Data storage cheap

and almost unlimited

Data = Signal

Reality in companies: Both! Not a contradiction!

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Practices

Knowledge Graphs• Google• Hewlett-Packard• Microsoft• Samsung• Reuters

Open Knowledge Graphs• DBPedia• Wikidata• Yago

Rich Semantic Infrastructures• BBC• New York Times• Elsevier• British Museum

Semantic Thesauri• UN FAO• Deutsche Nationalbibliothek• Roche• ...

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Practices 1: Data=Signal

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Principles

http://de.slideshare.net/laroyo/lecture-6-32380702

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Principles

http://de.slideshare.net/laroyo/lecture-6-32380702

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Principles

http://de.slideshare.net/laroyo/lecture-6-32380702

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Principles

http://de.slideshare.net/laroyo/lecture-6-32380702

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Principles

http://de.slideshare.net/laroyo/lecture-6-32380702

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Practices 2: Data = Truth

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Information Architecture Elsevier Examples

All following slides covering Elsevier Example are courtesy by Paul Groth

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INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE DEFINITIONS

• The combination of organization, labeling, and navigation schemes within an information system.

• The structural design of an information space to facilitate task completion and intuitive access to content.

• The art and science of structuring and classifying web sites and intranets to help people find and manage information.

• An emerging discipline and community of practice focusing on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape. Dillon, A. and Turnbull, D. (2006) Information

Architecture, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Marcel-Dekker.

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FOUR TASKS IN INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

1. Creating Content Organization Systems

2. Creating Semantic Organization Systems

3. Creating Navigation Systems

4. Creating Interaction Designs

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Lots of sources at Elsevier

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Documents by subject area

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ORGANIZING INFORMATION (TAXONOMIES)

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CREATING NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

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MOBILE REDESIGN

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GLOBAL DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIERS (DOI)

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ORCID: GLOBAL IDENTIFIERS FOR PEOPLE

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ARCHIVES

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Linking BBC data

Matthew Woodhttp://de.slideshare.net/fantasticlife/semweb-at-the-bbc

Oliver Bartletthttp://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/entries/af6b613e-6935-3165-

93ca-9319e1887858

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bbc.co.uk was incoherent…

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Saturday Kitchen Episode Page Saturday Kitchen Recipe

About 10 years ago

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Unless we link our data…• global visual language• common navigation patterns• technology refresh• page assembly layers• “common platforms”

…are all treating the symptoms, not the illness

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ProgrammesMusic

Topics

Users

Events

News Food

Gardening

The BBC from 10,000 feet

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What BBC has done:• Moved to MusicBrainz as music metadata supplier• Designed and built /programmes according to linked

data principles• Published the Programmes Ontology• Used the Music Ontology to publish RDF for /music• Experimented with pushing programme ontology

data over XMPP

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What else?• RDF on /programmes• RDFa on /programmes and /music• Wikipedia/Dbpedia for topic aggregations on

/programmes• Using MusicBrainz <> Dbpedia linked data

equivalency to aggregate artist information at /music• /events as linked data

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Practices 3: Data = Truth + Signal

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Google for „Vincent van Gogh“

Screenshot by Kingsley Idehen

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Van Gogh on Facebook

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Facebook Data Object

Screenshot by Kingsley Idehen

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Van Gogh on Wikipedia

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DBPedia Data Object

Note: DBPedia harvests knowledge from Wikipedia

Screenshot by Kingsley Idehen

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Freebase Data Object

Note: MetaWeb producing Freebase is a Semantic Web company bought by Google in 2010; Freebase is now donated to WikiData

Screenshot by Kingsley Idehen

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Google Search with Google Knowledge Graph

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Google knowledge graph API

1st API: Search2nd API: Knowledge Graph

....among thousands of APIs used in Google!

https://developers.google.com/knowledge-graph/

Schema.org typesJSON-LD Syntax

Usage: e.g. named entity spotting

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Yet another challenge / opportunity:Open Practices

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Semantics at Scale: Linked Open Data Cloud

Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/

Explicit meaning: Re-used ontologies

Implicit meaning:Linking of data

Meaning through social contexts

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ProgrammesMusic

Topics

Users

Events

News Food

Gardening

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Semantics at Scale: Linked Open Data Cloud

Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/

Explicit meaning: Re-used ontologies

Implicit meaning:Linking of data

Meaning through social contexts

Why should a for-profit (pharmaceutical) company think about opening data?• Not all data is competitive advantage, but all data implies costs• Sharing of – some (!) – data is inevitable

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• Semantic Web Technologies – Simple ideas– Infrastructures supported by key players– More technologies to talk about:

• SPARQL, RDF-A, Schema.org, SKOS, PROVO, R2RML...

• Tim Berners-Lee:„Linked Data is 'the web done right.‘“http://www.zdnet.com/article/tim-berners-lee-talks-cranberry-sauce-and-linked-data-in-new-york-city/

• Watch 10 Minutes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ga1aSJXCFe0

Conclusion

Steffen Staab Semantic (Web) Technologies – Principles and Practice 64Institute for Web Science and Technologies · University of Koblenz-Landau, GermanyWeb and Internet Science Group · ECS · University of Southampton, UK &

Thank you for your attention!