Post on 21-Apr-2020
RoadmapstoOceanWorldsOPAGUpdateFebruary2017
AmandaHendrix(PSI),TerryHurford(GSFC)
co-chairs
CongressionalDirecLon
• FromtheCommerce,JusLce,Science,andRelatedAgenciesAppropriaLonsBill,2016– “…TheCommi+eedirectsNASAtocreateanOceanWorldExplora<onProgramwhoseprimarygoalistodiscoverextantlifeonanotherworldusingamixofDiscovery,NewFron<ersandflagshipclassmissionsconsistentwiththerecommenda<onsofcurrentandfuturePlanetaryDecadalsurveys.”
• ConnectedtotheviewofOceanWorldsasperhapshabitableandpotenLallyinhabitedworlds
OPAGChargetoROW• OPAGcharteredROW;wearecoordina4ngwithSBAGsincesome
“SBAG-owned”bodiescouldbeoceanworlds• IdenLfyandprioriLzescienceobjecLvesforOceanWorlds
– LedtotheDecadalSurvey• Designroadmaptoexploretheseworldstoaddressscience
objecLves– Missionsequences,sustainedexploraLoneffort
• AssesswhereeachOceanWorldfitsintotheoverallroadmap• Summarizebroadmissionconcepts
– Consideringmissiondependences&internaLonalcooperaLon• Recommendtechnologydevelopmentanddetailedmissionstudies
insupportofthenextdecadalsurvey• PlaceexploraLonofOceanWorldsintothelargercontextofSolar
SystemexploraLon
PhilosophyonOceanWorldsWhatisanOceanWorld?
• Wewanttobeinclusive!
• Allbodieswhichplausiblycanhaveorareknowntohaveanoceanwillbeconsideredaspartofthisstudy
• AgoalistostudytheenLrespectrumofOceanWorlds...tounderstandlifeinthecontextofallOceanWorlds.– Ifwefocusononetargetandfindlife,wewon’tbedone!– Whywouldlifeevolveatoneworldatnotanother?– WhywouldlifetakeaparLcularformatoneworldandadifferentoneatanother?
• It'simportanttoconsiderLestotheEarthandEarth'soceanheretoo
• Foreachoftheseworlds,aaerwecarefullyconsideroverall/generalscienceobjecLves,wewillsubdivideintogroupstoconsiderwhatquesLonsneedtobeaddressedatatargetlevel,andpotenLalmissionplans– Sowe'llgetintotarget-baseddiscussionsabitlaterintheprocess
TeammembersAmend,JanAye,MichaelBannister,MicheleBarge,LaurieBeauchamp,PatriciaBeddingfeld,ChloeBland,MichaelBowman,JeffBraun,BobbyBrinckerhoff,WilliamBurad,BonnieByrne,PaulCable,MorganCabrol,NathalieCartwright,RichardCasLllo-Rogez,JulieCollins,GeoffreyCooper,JohnCrary,FrankDhingra,RajaniDiniega,SerinaElder,Catherine
Moore,Jeff,Neish,CatherineNeveu,MarcNordheim,TomOlkin,CathyPappalardo,RobertPaferson,WesPafhoff,AlexPhillips,CynthiaPontefract,AlexandraPortyankina,GannaPoston,MichaelQuick,LynnaeRhoden,AlyssaRicco,AntonioSchaible,MicahSchaible,GeorgeSchenk,PaulSchmidt,BritneyScully,JenniferSherwood,BrentShock,Everef
Emerson,DaveEubanks,MarshallFurfaro,RobertoGerman,ChrisGlein,ChrisGoodman,JasonHand,KevinHayes,AlexHibbard,KennethHibbifs,KarlHoehler,ToriHoller,BryanHosseini,SonaHowef,CarlyKargel,JeffreyLindensmith,ChrisLopes,RosalyMacKenzie,ShannonMalaska,MichaelMarLn,EmilyMcKay,ChrisMetzger,Philip
Singer,KelsiSoderblom,JasonSoLn,ChristopheSuch,PamelaTurtle,ElizabethVance,SteveVerbiscer,AnneWalker,CatherineWestlake,JosephWray,James
Targetteams• Weformedtargetteamsforthefollowing(groupsof)
targets– Enceladus– Europa– Pluto,Charon&KBOs– Ceres&smallbodies– GanymedeandCallisto– Triton– Titan– Othersatellites(“upandcoming”)
• Targetteamsassessedthestatusofeachtarget:howwellareeachoftheThemesciencequesLonsknown,whatdoweknowaboutthem,whatistheirleveloftheir“ocean-worldness”
GOIDocument
Goals,ObjecLves,InvesLgaLonsreport
• Almostdone!– Thankstoallforinputs
• TargetTeamsandTheme/Goalteamsprovidedtextcoveringwhatisknown,andwhatsLllneedstobelearnedabouteachbody,fortheGOIdocument
OverarchingGoal
• TheROWteamhasfocusedonadraaforthemaingoalforOceanWorldsinordertostartformulaLngdrivingsciencequesLons:
Iden<fyoceanworlds,evaluatetheir
habitability,andsearchforlife
OceanWorldThemes
• Fourthemes– IdenLfyoceanworlds– CharacterizeOceans– AssessHabitability– SearchforLife
• ThemegroupscameupwithaniniLalsetofsciencequesLonsforeachtheme– Rangingfromhighleveltoverydetailed
EnergySources
OceanSignatures
Solvents Rock/OceanInterface
EnergyforLife
Physico-chemicalCondi<onsforLife
Biomarkers
OceanW
orlds
Enceladus
Europa
Titan
Ganymede
Callisto
PossibleOceanW
orlds
Ceres/SmallBodies
Pluto/Charon/KBOs
Triton
SolidFoundaLon
OtherSaturnianIcySatellites*
KeyInformaLon
OtherUranianIcySatellites**
*Mimas,Tethys,Dione,Rhea,Iapetus**Miranda,Ariel,Umbriel,Titania,Oberon
SearchforLife
Iden<fyOceanWorlds
CharacterizeOceans
AssessHabitability
SearchforLife
Iden<fyOceanWorlds
CharacterizeOceans
AssessHabitability
EnergySources
OceanSignatures
Solvents Rock/OceanInterface
EnergyforLife
Physico-chemicalCondi<onsforLife
Biomarkers
OceanW
orlds
Enceladus
Europa
Titan
Ganymede
Callisto
PossibleOceanW
orlds
Ceres/SmallBodies
Pluto/Charon/KBOs
Triton
OtherSaturnianIcySatellites*
OtherUranianIcySatellites**
*Mimas,Tethys,Dione,Rhea,Iapetus**Miranda,Ariel,Umbriel,Titania,Oberon
PrimaryMissionContributor
NewHorizons:2006-Present
Voyager:1977-Present
Galileo:1996-2003
Cassini:2004-2017
Dawn:2007-Present
SolidFoundaLon
KeyInformaLon
Theme1:Iden<fyoceanworldsinthesolarsystem• Isthereasufficientenergysourcetosupportapersistentocean?
– IsthereremnantradiogenicheaLng?– IstheregravitaLonalenergyfromaparentplanetorsatellite?– CantheplanetorsatelliteconvertavailableLdalenergyintoheat?– Aretheplanet’sorsatellite’sorbitalorrotaLonalproperLesfavorabletoLdaldissipaLon?
• AresignaturesofongoinggeologicacLvity(orliquids)detected?– DosignaturesofgeologicacLvityindicatethepossiblepresenceofasubsurfaceocean?(surfacehotspots,
plumes,crater-freeareas,volcanoes,tectonics)– DoesthebodyexhibitLdaland/orrotaLonalevidenceindicaLngthepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?– Doesthegravityandtopographyofthebodyindicatethepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?– Aretemporalchangesobservedatthebodythatwouldindicatethepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?– Isthereanatmosphereorexospherethatcouldbelinkedwiththepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?– DoestheelectromagneLcresponseofthebodyindicatethepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?– CanthesurfacecomposiLonbelinkedwiththepresenceofasub-surfaceocean?– Isthesignatureofasurfaceliquidobserved(e.g.specularreflecLon)?
• HowdomaterialsbehaveundercondiLonsrelevanttoanyparLculartargetbody?(*R&A*)– WhatarethephaserelaLonsofmaterialcomposingoceanworldsatrelevantpressuresandtemperatures?– WhatisthecomposiLonandchemicalbehaviorofmaterialscomposingoceanworlds?– WhataretherheologicmechanismsbywhichmaterialdeformsundercondiLonsrelevanttooceanworlds?– HowdoesenergyafenuaLon/dissipaLonoccurundercondiLonsrelevanttooceanworlds?– WhatarethethermophysicalproperLesofmaterialundercondiLonsrelevanttooceanworlds?
Theme2:Characterizetheoceanofeachoceanworld
• Characterizetheocean’sphysicalproperLes– Whatisthethickness,composiLon,andporosityoftheiceshell(crust)andhowdotheseproperLesvary
spaLallyand/ortemporally?– Whatisthethickness,salinity,densityandcomposiLonoftheocean?HowdotheseproperLesvaryspaLally
and/ortemporally?– Whatarethedriversfor,andpafernof,fluidmoLonwithintheocean?
• Characterizetheoceaninterfaces– Characterizetheseafloor,includingthehigh-pressureocean–silicateinteracLon– Characterizetheice-oceaninterface
Theme3:Characterizethehabitabilityofeachoceanworld
• Whatistheavailability(typeandmagnitude/flux)ofenergysourcessuitableforlife,howdoesitvarythroughouttheoceanandLme,andwhatprocessescontrolthatdistribuLon?– Whatenvironmentspossessredoxdisequilibria,inwhatforms,inwhatmagnitude,howrapidlydissipatedby
abioLcreacLons,andhowrapidlyreplenishedbylocalprocesses?– (Where)iselectromagneLc(orotherenergeLc)radiaLonavailable?Inwhatwavelengths(orenergy)and
intensity?
• Whatistheavailability(chemicalformandabundance)ofthebiogenicelements,howdoesitvarythroughouttheoceanandLme,andwhatprocessescontrolthatdistribuLon?– Whatistheinventoryoforganiccompounds,whataretheirsourcesandsinks,andwhatistheirstabilitywith
respecttothelocalenvironment?– Whatistheabundanceandchemicalformofnitrogen,oxygen,phosphorus,sulfur,andinorganiccarbon,
whataretheirsourcesandsinks,andarethereprocessesofirreversiblelossorsequestraLonrelaLvetotheliquidenvironment?
Theme4:Understandhowlifemightexistateachoceanworldandsearchforlife
• WhatarethepotenLalbiomarkersineachhabitableniche?(determinewhat
we’relookingfor)– WhatcanwelearnaboutlifeonoceanworldsfromstudyingEarth?– Whatnichesforlifearepossibleonoceanworlds?– Whatcanwelearnaboutlifebyunderstandingthehistoryofoceanworldsfrom
theirformaLontothepresent?– Whatshouldbeourtargetindicators?(LifeDetecLonLadder)– HowdowedisLnguishextantfromexLnctlifeinenvironmentsinwhichlifemight
develop,andwhichLmescales(e.g.,formetabolism,reproducLon,dormancy)mafer?
• Howtosearchforandanalyzedataindifferentenvironments?– Howcanwelookforextantlifeonanoceanworldremotely(fromorbitorduringaflyby)?– Howcanwelookforextantlifeonanoceanworldinsitu(landed,underwater,plume)
invesLgaLons?– Howcanwelookforextantlifeonanoceanworldwithsamplereturnscience?– WhichscienceoperaLonalstrategiesshouldbeusedtodetectlifeonoceanworlds?
OceanWorldsMissionsScenarios,Roadmaps&Technologies
• TargetTeamshaveprovided– inputonkeymeasurementsneededtomoveourunderstandingofeachtargetforward
– inputonfuturemissiontypesneeded
• Technologysub-group(P.Beauchamp)hasprovided– Inputonneededtechnologies
neededtechnologies(general,notspecifictoamissionscenario)
• Instruments– LifedetecLoninstrumentsforOceanWorlds– Lowmass,lowpowerinstruments(e.g.,massspectrometers,imagers)designedfor
cold,high-radiaLonoceanworldenvironments– Lowmass,lowpowerinstrumentsforsmallspacecraa
• Spacecraa– Pin-pointlandingonEuropa/Enceladus(noatm)andTitan(atm)– Landinghazardavoidance– SurfacecryogenicicesampleacquisiLonandhandling– Sub-surface(>0.2m)iceacquisiLonandhandling– Lowtemp-compaLblebaferies– Lowtemp-compaLble,lowpower,rad-hardelectronics– Lowtemp-compaLbleactuators/mechanisms– PlanetaryProtecLontechniques/componentandmaterialcompaLbility– Icesamplereturntechnologies– SystemandSub-systemAutonomy– HighPerformancecompuLng– Smallspacecraatechnologies(miniaturizingisgood….)
Missionstrategies&roadmaps-consideraLons• Wanttoputtogetheralong-termplantostudyoceanworldsandlookfor
life• ThephilosophyistotackleallOWs~simultaneously,toextendthe
“knowledgebars”intheInvesLgaLonsRoadmap(below)– Usingdifferentmissionclasses(e.g.small,medium,large)– HighestpriorityforiniLalmission(s)mightbetogoaaerdetecLng/searching
forlifeatknown/accessibleoceans• Butalsowanttokeepasahighpriority(maybeadifferentmissionclass?)lookingfor
oceans• Consideringthatwemightexpect~3SLSlaunchesperdecade• SomeOWmissionsmaynotrequireSLSlaunch• SomeOWmissionsarealreadyintheworks
– EuropaClipper– Europalander– JUICE– NewFronLers–couldbeEnceladusand/orTitan
• TheassemblyofanOWroadmap(s)iscomplicatedandinprogress
EnergySources
OceanSignatures
Solvents Rock/OceanInterface
EnergyforLife
Physico-chemicalCondi<onsforLife
Biomarkers
OceanW
orlds
Enceladus
Europa
Titan
Ganymede
Callisto
PossibleOceanW
orlds
Ceres/SmallBodies
Pluto/Charon/KBOs
Triton
OtherSaturnianIcySatellites*
OtherUranianIcySatellites**
*Mimas,Tethys,Dione,Rhea,Iapetus**Miranda,Ariel,Umbriel,Titania,Oberon
SearchforLife
Iden<fyOceanWorlds
CharacterizeOceans
AssessHabitability
FlybyplumesamplingFlyby/landerSampleReturn
SubmarineLander
CrawlerFlybys(Clipper?)
Lander
FlybysNeptuneOrbiter
Flybys
FlybysOrbiter
FlybysOrbiter
Orbiter(highresmapping/topography/geodesy)Titaninsitu
JUICE?
JUICE?
Ganymedelander?
preliminary
WecanalsoconsideraroadmapforeachOW:TritonExample
Instrument(s)onNeptuneFlagshipMission
FlagshipMissiontoExplore
Habitability&Detect
Biomarkers
FlagshipMissiontoconfirmOcean&Explore
Habitability
preliminary
Current&FutureAcLviLes • Inthefuture:
– Vision2050workshop– TownhallatLPSC– WithinROW,collateandvetmissionconceptsandmeasurementsneededtoaddresssciencequesLons• PutintoOceanWorldsMissionsScenarios,Roadmaps&Technologiesdocument
– ProvidedraaGOIdocumenttoOPAG/SBAG(andlargercommunity?)foriniLalfeedback(Feb2017)
• UlLmatelytheROWdocumentswillbeprovidedtotheDecadalmid-termreviewcommifeeandtothenextDecadalSurveygroup– TohopefullyinfluencethemtocreateanOceanWorldsprogram