Post on 03-Dec-2014
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Research AnimalsChapter 5
SPECTRUM OF THOUGHT
Medical and veterinary investigations & training
Drug testing Cosmetic testing Consumer products Educational programs
Annually between 100,000,000 and 115,000,000
Research Animals
Living animals used for these procedures are called laboratory animals.
They usually die from these procedures or are euthanized.
Major issue for animal rights activists since 1970s
Procedure in which an organism is cut apart for scientific examination
Terminology
DISSECTION VIVISECTION
Term used for all invasive research and testing performed on live animals
Training tools for doctors and veterinarians◦ E.g., inserting a catheter, administering
anesthesia, performing operations
So you have a spectrum of passionate belief.
May 2008 Gallup Poll Table 5.1 page 78 Do you see a trend?
What might be some advantages to using live animals in medical research?
People react emotionally to these images.Scientists and researchers prefer to
think of these animals as specimens or clinical tools.
So how’d we get here?
Took the position that animals were unthinking and unfeeling machines
Philosopher Rene Descartes 1596-1650
“The question is not, Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk? But, Can they suffer?”
Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832
18th and 19th centuries… unclaimed bodies of poor people and criminals were often turned over to medical colleges for dissection …
poor and working class associated medical research with grave robbing to supply researchers with corpses…
Modern Antivivisection
Movement
1894 – Animals’ Rights, Considered in Relation to Social Progress ◦ “The practice of vivisection is revolting to the
human conscience, even among the ordinary members of a not over-sensitive society.”
Henry Salt
United States Antivivisection American Anti-Vivisection Society – 1883
New England Anti-Vivisection Society – 1895
p. 79
Mark Twain “A Dog’s Tale”
Doctors lobbied Congress to crack down on dangerous drugs and personal products sold to Americans.◦ Opposed by powerful marketing groups
1937 – 100 children died from drinking a product that contained antifreeze.
1938 – The Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act required animal testing.
1930s
First tests – rats, up to one month
1957 – Drug testing on rats and dogs for up to 6 months
1960s – Testing on pregnant animals
1980s – Rats and dogs up to 18 months
Growth of Animal Testing
What happened in July 1965 that strengthened the antivivisection movement?
p. 80 - Pepper
Media publicized Bills introduced in Congress to regulate
animal dealers and laboratories Life Magazine, 1966: Concentration Camps
for Dogs p. 80
In the wake of Pepper’s death…
1966 Laboratory AnimalWelfare Act
Required licensing of animal dealers and regulation of laboratory animals
Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (1975)
Dr. Peter Singer
Late 70s – Henry Spira, animal activist, accused major companies of animal cruelty in animal testing.
1980 – Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrance Association funded the founding of
The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at Johns Hopkins University.
Draize Eye Test
Silver Spring Monkey Case p. 81
Animal Liberation Front
Prohibits causing physical disruption to the functioning of an animal enterprise◦ Three types of animal enterprises – p. 81
◦ Offenses that can be charged under the act include using the mail to cause physical disruption at animal enterprises and stealing, damaging, or causing the loss of property, including animals and records.
Animal Enterprise Protection Act 1992
Federal Legislation and Oversight
Animal Welfare Act Health Research Extension Act Food Drug and Cosmetic Act
Federal Legislation and Oversight
Animal Welfare ActSee Separate PowerPoint.
Passed in 1985 Requires facilities that receive federal
funding from the Public Health Service follow an animal welfare policy (called Public Health Service Policy)
Must follow Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Similar to requirements in AWA but HREA applies to all vertebrates including mice, rats and birds
Health Research Extension Act
Drugs must receive FDA approval before they can be sold in the U.S.
The FDA does not allow human testing to occur if animal testing is unsatisfactory.
Animal testing is not required for cosmetics (but is recommended).
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1947 and Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976◦ EPA administers these two pieces of legislation
Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act – 1960◦ Consumer Product Safety Commission administers◦ Applies to household products◦ Affects animals because household products with hazardous
ingredients must warn consumers
Other Federal Legislation
CHIMP ACTp. 85
See Tables 5.5 and 5.6◦ Biomedical Research◦ Drug Testing◦ Product Testing◦ Consumer Products◦ Dissections◦ Surgical/Medical Training and Behavior Research
Lab Animals and Their Uses
“Cruelty Free” P. 88
Johns Hopkins FAQs
Consumer Products
Personal Care for People Who Care
Who Tests on Animals?
National Anti-Vivisection Society
2009 – ban on testing of cosmetic ingredients on animals in Europe
2009 – ban on sale and import of cosmetics tested on animals using certain tests
2013- final ban on the sale and import of cosmetics tested on animals using any test
European Union
The following states have laws upholding a student's right to choose humane alternatives to dissection without being penalized: Florida, California, Pennsylvania, New York, Rhode Island, Illinois, Virginia, Oregon, New Jersey and Vermont. ◦ Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts and New Mexico
have Board of Education policies, and Louisiana passed a state resolution in 1992. Many schools and school boards have also independently enacted student-choice policies.
Student Choice: Laws & Legislation
PCRM – Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
Many veterinary schools now use animal cadavers donated by people whose pets have died of natural causes or have been humanely euthanized due to an illness or condition.
Surgical Training
More than 90% of all U.S. medical schools have eliminated live animal labs to train medical students.
What does this mean?
Albany Medical College Animal Use Policy
According to PCRM:
American Anti-Vivisection Society National Anti-Vivisection Society
◦ Personal Care for People Who Care
New England Anti-Vivisection Society Physicians Committee for Responsible Medic
ine
Google “companies that do not test on animals.”
Helpful Links:
What you buy makes a difference.