Research AnimalsChapter 5

SPECTRUM OF THOUGHT

Medical and veterinary investigations & training

Drug testing Cosmetic testing Consumer products Educational programs

Annually between 100,000,000 and 115,000,000

Research Animals

Living animals used for these procedures are called laboratory animals.

They usually die from these procedures or are euthanized.

Major issue for animal rights activists since 1970s

Procedure in which an organism is cut apart for scientific examination

Terminology

DISSECTION VIVISECTION

Term used for all invasive research and testing performed on live animals

Training tools for doctors and veterinarians◦ E.g., inserting a catheter, administering

anesthesia, performing operations

So you have a spectrum of passionate belief.

May 2008 Gallup Poll Table 5.1 page 78 Do you see a trend?

What might be some advantages to using live animals in medical research?

People react emotionally to these images.Scientists and researchers prefer to

think of these animals as specimens or clinical tools.

So how’d we get here?

Took the position that animals were unthinking and unfeeling machines

Philosopher Rene Descartes 1596-1650

“The question is not, Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk? But, Can they suffer?”

Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832

18th and 19th centuries… unclaimed bodies of poor people and criminals were often turned over to medical colleges for dissection …

poor and working class associated medical research with grave robbing to supply researchers with corpses…

Modern Antivivisection

Movement

1894 – Animals’ Rights, Considered in Relation to Social Progress ◦ “The practice of vivisection is revolting to the

human conscience, even among the ordinary members of a not over-sensitive society.”

Henry Salt

United States Antivivisection American Anti-Vivisection Society – 1883

New England Anti-Vivisection Society – 1895

p. 79

Mark Twain “A Dog’s Tale”

Doctors lobbied Congress to crack down on dangerous drugs and personal products sold to Americans.◦ Opposed by powerful marketing groups

1937 – 100 children died from drinking a product that contained antifreeze.

1938 – The Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act required animal testing.

1930s

First tests – rats, up to one month

1957 – Drug testing on rats and dogs for up to 6 months

1960s – Testing on pregnant animals

1980s – Rats and dogs up to 18 months

Growth of Animal Testing

What happened in July 1965 that strengthened the antivivisection movement?

p. 80 - Pepper

Media publicized Bills introduced in Congress to regulate

animal dealers and laboratories Life Magazine, 1966: Concentration Camps

for Dogs p. 80

In the wake of Pepper’s death…

1966 Laboratory AnimalWelfare Act

Required licensing of animal dealers and regulation of laboratory animals

Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals (1975)

Dr. Peter Singer

Late 70s – Henry Spira, animal activist, accused major companies of animal cruelty in animal testing.

1980 – Cosmetics, Toiletries and Fragrance Association funded the founding of

The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing at Johns Hopkins University.

Draize Eye Test

Silver Spring Monkey Case p. 81

Animal Liberation Front

Prohibits causing physical disruption to the functioning of an animal enterprise◦ Three types of animal enterprises – p. 81

◦ Offenses that can be charged under the act include using the mail to cause physical disruption at animal enterprises and stealing, damaging, or causing the loss of property, including animals and records.

Animal Enterprise Protection Act 1992

SHAC7Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty

SHAC 7 Trailer

Federal Legislation and Oversight

Animal Welfare Act Health Research Extension Act Food Drug and Cosmetic Act

Federal Legislation and Oversight

Animal Welfare ActSee Separate PowerPoint.

Passed in 1985 Requires facilities that receive federal

funding from the Public Health Service follow an animal welfare policy (called Public Health Service Policy)

Must follow Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

Similar to requirements in AWA but HREA applies to all vertebrates including mice, rats and birds

Health Research Extension Act

Drugs must receive FDA approval before they can be sold in the U.S.

The FDA does not allow human testing to occur if animal testing is unsatisfactory.

Animal testing is not required for cosmetics (but is recommended).

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act of 1947 and Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976◦ EPA administers these two pieces of legislation

Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act – 1960◦ Consumer Product Safety Commission administers◦ Applies to household products◦ Affects animals because household products with hazardous

ingredients must warn consumers

Other Federal Legislation

CHIMP ACTp. 85

See Tables 5.5 and 5.6◦ Biomedical Research◦ Drug Testing◦ Product Testing◦ Consumer Products◦ Dissections◦ Surgical/Medical Training and Behavior Research

Lab Animals and Their Uses

“Cruelty Free” P. 88

Johns Hopkins FAQs

Consumer Products

Personal Care for People Who Care

Who Tests on Animals?

National Anti-Vivisection Society

2009 – ban on testing of cosmetic ingredients on animals in Europe

2009 – ban on sale and import of cosmetics tested on animals using certain tests

2013- final ban on the sale and import of cosmetics tested on animals using any test

European Union

The following states have laws upholding a student's right to choose humane alternatives to dissection without being penalized: Florida, California, Pennsylvania, New York, Rhode Island, Illinois, Virginia, Oregon, New Jersey and Vermont. ◦ Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts and New Mexico

have Board of Education policies, and Louisiana passed a state resolution in 1992. Many schools and school boards have also independently enacted student-choice policies.

Student Choice: Laws & Legislation

PCRM – Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine

Many veterinary schools now use animal cadavers donated by people whose pets have died of natural causes or have been humanely euthanized due to an illness or condition.

Surgical Training

More than 90% of all U.S. medical schools have eliminated live animal labs to train medical students.

What does this mean?

Albany Medical College Animal Use Policy

According to PCRM:

American Anti-Vivisection Society National Anti-Vivisection Society

◦ Personal Care for People Who Care

New England Anti-Vivisection Society Physicians Committee for Responsible Medic

ine

Google “companies that do not test on animals.”

Helpful Links:

What you buy makes a difference.