Post on 25-Dec-2015
REPUBLICAN REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE ASCENDANCY: THE
JEFFERSONIAN VISIONJEFFERSONIAN VISION
America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present
Chapter 8Chapter 8
Republican Identities in Republican Identities in a New Republica New Republic
An age of rapid population growthAn age of rapid population growth– 7.2 million in 1810; two million more 7.2 million in 1810; two million more
than 1800than 1800– 20% black slaves20% black slaves– children under 16 the largest single children under 16 the largest single
groupgroup Strong regional identitiesStrong regional identities Early secession movements threaten Early secession movements threaten
national unitynational unity
Westward the Course of Westward the Course of Empire Empire
Intense migration to West after 1790Intense migration to West after 1790 New StatesNew States
– Kentucky--1792Kentucky--1792– Tennessee--1796Tennessee--1796– Ohio--1803Ohio--1803
Western regional culture rootless, Western regional culture rootless, optimisticoptimistic
Native American Native American ResistanceResistance
Western settlers compete for Indian Western settlers compete for Indian landland
Indians resistIndians resist– Tecumseh leads Shawnees, defeatedTecumseh leads Shawnees, defeated– Creeks defeatedCreeks defeated
Settlers reject Indian-White Settlers reject Indian-White coexistencecoexistence
Commercial Life in the Commercial Life in the CitiesCities
Economy based on agriculture and Economy based on agriculture and tradetrade
American shipping prospers 1793-American shipping prospers 1793-18051805
Cities associated with international Cities associated with international trade, otherwise marginal role in trade, otherwise marginal role in national life national life
Industrialization and mechanization Industrialization and mechanization just beginning to frighten skilled just beginning to frighten skilled craftsmencraftsmen
Jefferson as PresidentJefferson as President
Jefferson personifies Jefferson personifies Republicanism’s contradictionsRepublicanism’s contradictions
Despises ceremonies and formalityDespises ceremonies and formality Dedicated to intellectual pursuitsDedicated to intellectual pursuits A politician to the coreA politician to the core Success depends on cooperation Success depends on cooperation
with Congresswith Congress
Jeffersonian ReformsJeffersonian Reforms
Priority to cutting federal debt, taxesPriority to cutting federal debt, taxes Federal expenses trimmed by cutting Federal expenses trimmed by cutting
military military Reduction of the army removes Reduction of the army removes
threat to Republican governmentthreat to Republican government Competent bureaucrats retained Competent bureaucrats retained
regardless of partyregardless of party Federalists retire from public lifeFederalists retire from public life Ambitious Federalists become Ambitious Federalists become
RepublicansRepublicans
The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase
1801--France buys Louisiana from 1801--France buys Louisiana from SpainSpain
1803--Jefferson sends a mission to 1803--Jefferson sends a mission to France to buy New OrleansFrance to buy New Orleans
Napoleon offers to sell all of Napoleon offers to sell all of Louisiana for $15 millionLouisiana for $15 million
Constitution vague on Congressional Constitution vague on Congressional authority to purchaseauthority to purchase
Purchase departs from Republican Purchase departs from Republican principle of strict separationprinciple of strict separation
The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase (2)(2)
Louisiana inhabitants French & Louisiana inhabitants French & SpanishSpanish
Jefferson denies them self-ruleJefferson denies them self-rule Louisiana governed from Louisiana governed from
WashingtonWashington Another Jeffersonian departure from Another Jeffersonian departure from
RepublicanismRepublicanism
The Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark ExpeditionExpedition
Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to purchase of commissioned prior to purchase of LouisianaLouisiana
Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and reached the Pacific Ocean and reached the Pacific Ocean November 1805November 1805
Report on Louisiana’s economic Report on Louisiana’s economic promise confirms Jefferson's desire to promise confirms Jefferson's desire to purchasepurchase
The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and ClarkClark
Conflict With the Barbary Conflict With the Barbary StatesStates
North African states demand tribute North African states demand tribute from ships sailing in Mediterraneanfrom ships sailing in Mediterranean
Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to “negotiate through the mouth of a “negotiate through the mouth of a cannon”cannon”
U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary StatesStates
Action induces respect for U.S. rightsAction induces respect for U.S. rights
Jefferson’s Critics Jefferson’s Critics
Dispute over federal court systemDispute over federal court system Conflicts between RepublicansConflicts between Republicans Sectional dispute over the slave Sectional dispute over the slave
tradetrade
Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Judiciary ActJudiciary Act
Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new circuit courts filled with loyal circuit courts filled with loyal FederalistsFederalists
1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary 1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courtsAct of 1801 to abolish courts
Federalists charge violation of Federalists charge violation of judges’ Constitutional right of tenurejudges’ Constitutional right of tenure
Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison
Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) rules (1803) rules Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Federalist Marbury denied his Federalist Marbury denied his judgeshipjudgeship
Republicans claim victoryRepublicans claim victory Chief Justice John Marshall ensures Chief Justice John Marshall ensures
Federalist influence through judicial Federalist influence through judicial reviewreview
Attack on the Judges: Attack on the Judges: ImpeachmentsImpeachments
1803--Federalist John Pickering 1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached, removed for alcoholism, impeached, removed for alcoholism, insanityinsanity
Republicans begin fearing the Republicans begin fearing the destruction of an independent destruction of an independent judiciaryjudiciary
Jefferson exacerbates fears by Jefferson exacerbates fears by seeking to impeach Federalist seeking to impeach Federalist Samuel ChaseSamuel Chase
Republican Senate refuses to convictRepublican Senate refuses to convict
Politics of Desperation:Politics of Desperation:“Tertium Quids”“Tertium Quids”
"Tertium Quids" claim pure "Tertium Quids" claim pure Republicanism Republicanism
Attack Jefferson as sacrificing virtue Attack Jefferson as sacrificing virtue for pragmatismfor pragmatism
Politics of Desperation:Politics of Desperation:The Yazoo ControversyThe Yazoo Controversy
Yazoo controversy Yazoo controversy – fraudulent land case in Georgia fraudulent land case in Georgia – Jefferson attempts to settle by providing Jefferson attempts to settle by providing
land to innocent partiesland to innocent parties– Quids complain settlement condones Quids complain settlement condones
fraudfraud Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
– Marshall court upholds Jefferson’s Marshall court upholds Jefferson’s settlementsettlement
– court may nullify unconstitutional state court may nullify unconstitutional state lawslaws
Murder and Conspiracy: Murder and Conspiracy: The Curious Career of The Curious Career of
Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks
with Jeffersonwith Jefferson 1804--Burr seeks Federalist support 1804--Burr seeks Federalist support
in 1804 New York governor’s race in 1804 New York governor’s race Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s Alexander Hamilton blocks Burr’s
effortsefforts Burr kills Hamilton in a duelBurr kills Hamilton in a duel
The Burr ConspiracyThe Burr Conspiracy
Burr flees West after Hamilton duelBurr flees West after Hamilton duel Schemes to invade Spanish territorySchemes to invade Spanish territory Burr arrested, tried for treasonBurr arrested, tried for treason John Marshall acquits on John Marshall acquits on
Constitutional grounds of insufficient Constitutional grounds of insufficient evidenceevidence
Precedent makes it difficult for Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to use charge of treason presidents to use charge of treason as a political toolas a political tool
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade
Congress prohibits slave trade after Congress prohibits slave trade after 18081808
Northern Republicans call for Northern Republicans call for emancipation of any black smuggled emancipation of any black smuggled into the U.S.into the U.S.
Southern Republicans win passage of Southern Republicans win passage of law to hand such persons over to law to hand such persons over to state authoritiesstate authorities
Embarrassments Embarrassments OverseasOverseas
1803--England and France resume 1803--England and France resume warwar
American ships subject to seizureAmerican ships subject to seizure– by England through “Orders in Council" by England through “Orders in Council" – by Napoleon through Berlin, Milan by Napoleon through Berlin, Milan
DecreesDecrees Jefferson refuses war to preserve Jefferson refuses war to preserve
financial reformfinancial reform Embargo--Jefferson’s alternative to Embargo--Jefferson’s alternative to
warwar
Embargo Divides the Embargo Divides the NationNation
1807--Congress prohibits U.S. ships 1807--Congress prohibits U.S. ships from leaving portfrom leaving port
Purpose: to win English, French Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rightsrespect for American rights
Embargo unpopular at homeEmbargo unpopular at home– detailed government oversight of detailed government oversight of
commercecommerce– army suppresses smuggling army suppresses smuggling – New England economy damagedNew England economy damaged
A New Administration A New Administration Goes to WarGoes to War
1808--James Madison elected 1808--James Madison elected PresidentPresident
1809--Embargo repealed in favor of 1809--Embargo repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act– U.S. will resume trade with England and U.S. will resume trade with England and
France on promise to cease seizure of France on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vesselsU.S. vessels
A New Administration A New Administration Goes to War (2)Goes to War (2)
Madison reopens English trade on Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed promise of British unconfirmed promise of British ministerminister
English reject agreement, seize U.S. English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that opened trade with Englandships that opened trade with England
A New Administration A New Administration Goes to War (2)Goes to War (2)
Macon’s Bill Number Two replaces Macon’s Bill Number Two replaces the Non-Intercourse Actthe Non-Intercourse Act
Trade with both England and France Trade with both England and France reestablishedreestablished
First nation to respect American First nation to respect American rights wins halt of U.S. trade with the rights wins halt of U.S. trade with the otherother
Napoleon promises to observe U.S. Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but reneges when trade rights but reneges when trade reopenedreopened
Fumbling Toward Fumbling Toward ConflictConflict
Tecumseh’s Western campaign seen Tecumseh’s Western campaign seen as supported by Britishas supported by British
Congressional War Hawks demand Congressional War Hawks demand war on England to preserve American war on England to preserve American honorhonor
June 1, 1812, Madison sends June 1, 1812, Madison sends Congress a declaration of warCongress a declaration of war
War aims vagueWar aims vague
The Strange War of The Strange War of 1812:1812:
Early CourseEarly Course Americans unprepared for warAmericans unprepared for war
– Congress refuses to raise wartime taxesCongress refuses to raise wartime taxes– New England refuses to support war New England refuses to support war
effort effort – United States Army smallUnited States Army small– state militias inadequate state militias inadequate
1813--U.S. wins control of Great 1813--U.S. wins control of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In BayLakes in Battle of Put-In Bay
Strange War of 1812:Strange War of 1812:The War’s ConclusionThe War’s Conclusion
1814--three-pronged English attack 1814--three-pronged English attack – campaign from Canada to Hudson River campaign from Canada to Hudson River
Valley stopped at Lake ChamplainValley stopped at Lake Champlain– campaign in the Chesapeake results in campaign in the Chesapeake results in
burning of Washington, siege of burning of Washington, siege of BaltimoreBaltimore
– campaign for New Orleans thwarted by campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew Jackson, January, 1815Andrew Jackson, January, 1815
Treaty of Ghent signed December, Treaty of Ghent signed December, 18141814
Hartford Convention: The Hartford Convention: The Demise of the Demise of the
FederalistsFederalists Federalists convene December, 1814Federalists convene December, 1814 Proposed Constitutional changes to Proposed Constitutional changes to
lessen power of South and Westlessen power of South and West Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Treaty of Ghent, victory of New
Orleans makes Convention appear Orleans makes Convention appear disloyaldisloyal
Federalist party never recoversFederalist party never recovers
Treaty of Ghent Ends the Treaty of Ghent Ends the WarWar
Most problems left unaddressedMost problems left unaddressed Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of
Ghent Ghent Americans claim success in a Americans claim success in a
"second war of independence""second war of independence"
Republican LegacyRepublican Legacy
Founders begin to pass away in Founders begin to pass away in 1820s1820s
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die July 4, 1826 both die July 4, 1826
James Madison dies in 1836 James Madison dies in 1836 – despairs that Declaration’s principles despairs that Declaration’s principles
not yet extended to African Americansnot yet extended to African Americans