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203© The Author(s) 2018G. Tusset, From Galileo to Modern Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95612-1

1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAgent-based, 3, 159, 166, 176

computation, 155, 158Agents

active, 157non-active, 157self-organizing, 156–159

Aggregates, 1–3, 6, 7, 18–21, 23, 29, 42, 47, 50, 51, 57–59, 70, 72, 81, 127, 154–156, 159, 162, 163, 175–177

dynamics, 87–109Amoroso, L., 5–7, 69, 70, 74–78,

84, 112, 117–128, 132, 140, 143, 164, 175

Analytical entrepreneurs, 18Ancient Roman Empire, 35

Aquinas, T., 19Archimedes, 16Aristotle, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 29

Aristotelian, 20Arthur, B., 155Associazione pel Progresso degli

Studi Economici, 60A-theoretical view, 32Axiomatization, 6, 131, 132,

135–140, 143, 144

BBabbage, C., 51Bachelier, L., 111, 113, 116, 116n1,

117, 127, 154Bacon, F., 53, 60

Index

204 Index

Bagni, T., 70Balance sheet, 141, 142Beccaria, C., 22, 27, 29, 31Benini, R., 70, 77Bernardelli, H., 81–84, 105, 108Biology, 2, 48, 53, 158Black-Scholes-Merton formula, 112Boccardo, G., 46, 47, 49, 56–59, 62Bodio, L., 51Boltzmann, L., 72, 73, 77, 78, 87,

99, 114equation, 156

Bordin, A., 70, 79–81, 84, 116n1, 124, 125, 175

Brambilla, F., 70Bresciani Turroni, C., 70, 77Bronzin, V., 6, 111–115, 117, 127,

164, 175put-call parity, 115, 127

Brownian motion, 49, 57, 71, 73, 92, 113, 154

Buckle, H.T., 50Burali-Forti, C., 115

CCantelli, F.P., 70–73, 79, 84, 111Cantoni, G., 57Cardano, G., 51Carli, G.R., 21–23, 25–27, 29, 30,

32–42, 142, 163Castelnuovo, G., 70Cavalieri, B., 24Ceva, G., 23–27, 26n4, 33, 131, 137Champernowne, D.G., 77, 83Complexity

degree, 132, 134, 135economic, 62

Complex system, 51, 65, 155–156, 158, 161, 170, 176

Concentrationincome, 75–77

Condorcet, N. de, 18mathématique social, 18

Cooperation, 61Copernicus, N., 13Cournot, 50

DD’Addario, R., 70, 76–79, 84

system, 79Davanzati, B., 11, 22, 23, 25,

27, 29Decision-making process, 153, 155De Pietri-Tonelli, A., 6, 88, 89,

105–107, 112–114, 116–118, 127, 128, 164, 175

Descartes, R., 24Determinism, 81, 128, 149, 150Distribution

Fréchet, 77gamma, 5, 74–77, 154Gaussian, 75, 154, 166inverse gamma, 73, 74Kaptein, 77Levy, 77lexical, 91March, 77–79Maxwell, 77Pareto, 66–70, 74–75, 154, 167,

176Pearson, 77Reighley, 77skewed, 74, 79, 82, 108, 154stable, 66, 68, 96, 166

205 Index

stationary, 154, 161Zipf, 167

Dynamicsprices, 157, 164topological, 131–147

EEconophysics

classical, 49, 159, 160financial, 6, 112, 116statistical, 153–156, 159, 163

Einstein, A., 17, 98El Farol problem, 155Emergent properties, 158, 170Empiricism, 2, 5, 13, 14, 132, 146,

164, 169Engineering

approach, 61economics, 5, 45–62economist, 20, 21

Enlightenment, 32Entropy, 146, 153, 160, 161Equilibrium

dynamic, 26, 81equilibration, 39general, 79–81, 94, 98, 107individual, 80, 81, 102monetary, 26, 32, 36–40, 42probabilistic, 80social, 6, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99,

100n2, 101, 102, 104, 106statistical, 72, 87, 88, 91–93,

97–99, 102–108, 159thermodynamic, 73, 161within-group, 80

Ergodicity, 154Euphoria financial, 127Evolutionary economics, 56

Expectations, 119, 119n2, 120, 122, 124, 126–128, 167, 168

rational, 154

FFacciolati, J., 33Factory, 45, 48, 49, 60Fantappiè, L., 138, 146Fat tail, 77, 154, 168Favaro, A., 47, 61–62Ferraris, C.F., 61Finance, 6, 49, 73, 116, 153, 160,

165, 168behavioral, 128

Firm size, 166, 169Fisher, I., 66, 121, 122, 126Fixed point, 166Fluctuations, 2, 157

economic, 121, 126Fokker-Planck equation, 156Forces, 21, 68, 81, 87, 93n1, 94,

104, 115, 117, 120, 122, 124, 125, 135, 139, 142, 144, 150, 167

equilibrating, 82Forecasts, 80, 117

prices, 111, 116, 117, 126, 157Foscarini, M., 33Function

generating, 77–79transformation, 78

Fuoco, F., 19

GGabaglio, A., 51Galiani, F., 22, 27, 28, 31, 33

206 Index

Galileaneconomists, 18–23, 27–32, 45,

131method, 13, 14, 46, 176, 177

Galilei, G., 25, 29–31, 48, 51, 53, 54, 61, 69, 160, 163

experimentation, 4, 9, 12–14, 18, 20, 21, 32, 45, 46, 56–60, 66, 84, 88, 105, 132, 176

mathematics, 4, 7, 11–21, 23, 45observation, 4, 7, 12–16, 18–21,

33, 45–47, 56, 66, 176rigor, 12, 13, 15, 17, 22, 23, 30,

32technology, 17, 21

Gases theory, 72, 80, 87, 91, 92, 94, 98, 106, 108, 127

Gas particles, 70, 106, 108, 153Geometry

affine, 24dynamic, 26non-Euclidean, 52, 53pure, 12, 13, 53symmetry, 25, 26

Gibbs, W., 72Gibrat, R., 68, 77n1Gini, C., 70, 77Gioja, M., 45, 46, 51Giornale degli Economisti, 5, 24, 46,

49, 56, 58–62, 113Goods

capital, 132–135, 140consumer, 132–135

GroupLie, 137Lorentz, 138, 143–144, 146sub-groups, 94

HHeterogeneity

capabilities, 95individual, 93–97social, 5, 91, 92, 93n1, 102, 105,

162Heuristics, 128, 163, 164, 169, 170,

176Historicism German, 52

IIdealization, 89Income distribution, 68–70, 72, 74,

79, 81, 84, 91, 93–96, 103, 103n3, 156, 157, 175

Index-number, 33, 40–41Industrial development, 55Inertia

economic, 118–127, 175individual, 126market, 126, 127principle, 6, 118, 140

Information theory, 81, 154Initial

condition, 71, 74, 82, 154, 161

distribution, 79–82Intieri, B., 31Intuition, 117, 136

JJanossy, F., 145Jevons, S., 24Jurisconsults, 27, 27n5, 36–38,

40

207 Index

KKalecki, M., 65, 68

LLampertico, F., 51, 59, 60Laurent, H., 115Law

empirical, 2, 5, 7, 33, 45, 52, 62, 65, 95, 164, 165, 175

invariant, 5, 10, 20, 40, 42, 137, 163, 168

of large numbers, 51Maxwell, 79scaling, 165, 166universal, 1–3, 57, 68, 79,

164–169Le Goff, J., 11Lefèbre, H., 113, 115Leone, E., 88, 103n3Lombardo-Veneto School, 46, 47,

49, 53, 55, 60, 61, 163Long-term analysis, 7Lotka, A.J., 132, 135Luzzatti, L., 59, 60

MMacroeconomics, 1, 6, 50, 159, 162Majorana, E., 7, 149–151, 164, 170Mandelbrot, B., 68, 154Marx, K., 102, 104, 107, 136, 160Masci, G., 133Mathematics

applied, 10, 12, 13, 19, 20, 23, 53

induction, 50, 52, 57, 62mixed, 19pure, 11, 16, 18, 19, 23, 45, 51,

58, 136

Maxwell-Boltzmann gases theory, 70Mechanics

classical, 6, 118–120Hamiltonian, 118Lagrangian, 118quantum, 87, 119, 128, 141,

150statistical, 2, 72, 73, 84, 108, 160

Mental variable, 119n2, 120Mercantilism, 36Messedaglia, A., 5, 46–60, 62, 66,

69scientification, 54

Method, 1, 2, 14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 47, 48, 50–52, 55–60, 65, 88, 89, 97, 117, 126, 149–151, 155, 162, 163, 167, 175

experimental, 20, 22, 42, 88–90Metrics, 137, 138, 144–145Middle Ages, 11, 12Mill, J.S., 50, 59, 62, 89Minimum means, 126Minority

game, 155group, 155

Modelelastic, 126predator-prey, 132, 133

Monetarist economists, 4, 13–14, 27, 42

Moneycirculation, 122commodity, 30, 35, 37doctor, 40–42manipulation, 12, 36proto-quantitative theory, 30stability, 65value, 11, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33–38,

40–42Montanari, G., 21, 22, 27, 29–31

208 Index

Morishima, M., 102Morpurgo, E., 50, 52, 53Mortara, G., 70, 77, 96Muratori, L., 40n8, 41

NNeoclassical theory, 153Neri, P., 41Network

aggregates, 162complex, 160, 161topology, 158, 169

Newton, I., 24Newtonism social, 53Non-equilibrium, 153, 158Non-ergodicity, 161Non-stochastic process, 127Normalization, 154Numbers

index-, 33, 40practical application of

calculation, 13trust in, 11, 12, 69

OOperational research, 55, 62Operator

Hermitian, 138, 141–143linear, 141

Option price, 111, 114, 116, 117, 127, 154

Option pricing model, 114Order

natural, 59, 95social, 59, 107

Oresme, N., 11

Organization, 6, 30, 46, 93, 94, 98, 102, 133, 156, 164, 166, 176

economic, 55, 61Ortes, G., 57Osborne, M.F.M, 2

PPacioli, L., 11Palomba, G., 6, 88, 107, 131–142,

144–147, 164Pantaleoni, M., 56, 59, 74, 98, 141Paretian

economist, 79persistence of aggregates, 100residues, 90sentiments, 90, 91, 101

Pareto law, 3, 5, 65–71, 73–77, 87, 166, 175

Pareto, V., 3, 5–7, 56, 59, 65–69, 71–75, 77–82, 77n1, 84, 87–105, 93n1, 100n2, 107–109, 113, 126, 131, 137, 154, 161, 162, 164, 175

Pascal, B., 24Peano, G., 115Petty, W., 51Phase transition, 131, 156Pietra, G., 77Pisano, L. (Fibonacci), 10, 13Plato, 20, 29Poisson, 50Poleni, G., 33Poor, 60Power, 12, 25, 26, 31, 41, 42, 52,

92, 102, 103n3, 104–108, 135, 141, 143, 144, 169

209 Index

Power law, 5, 79, 156, 157, 165–170

free-scale, 156Predator-prey model,

132, 133Principle

action and reaction, 120effervescence, 127invariance, 136–138Lagrange, 140

Probabilitycalculus, 51, 71, 73distribution, 2, 3, 70, 77, 87,

113, 114, 157empirical approach, 71frequentist approach, 51

QQuetelet, A., 49, 51

RRamorino, A., 112–116, 175Random

factors, 70, 71, 74, 80, 155model, 83, 84walk, 71, 153, 157

Rational agent, 83Ricardo, D., 49, 57Ricca-Salerno, G., 46, 47, 49,

58–59, 62Riemann, B., 137, 139

universe, 145Rignano, E., 136Romagnosi, G.D., 45, 46, 51,

53Rule-of-thumb, 169

SSamuelson, P., 154Saving

parameters, 157propensities, 157, 158

Scaling, 74, 83, 105, 108, 131, 147, 165, 166, 168

Scaruffi, G., 22, 23, 25Scholastic philosophy, 12Schrödinger equation, 141Schumpeter, J.A., 3, 33, 126Science, 1–3, 13–19, 21, 42, 46–50,

52–59, 61, 66, 87–90, 146, 149, 150, 164, 170

power, 52–56Scientific fascination, 14Self-organization, 156, 157Simson, R., 24Smith, A., 21, 57, 96, 138, 160Social

classes, 70, 101, 102, 107dynamism, 94, 104groups, 70, 105–108

Socialists of the chair, 51Sociology, 55, 66, 88, 93, 118, 131Soros, G., 167Space

Euclidean, 137, 145probabilistic, 138, 140, 141quasi-Euclidean, 138, 145

Spinelli, T., 31Stability, 35, 39, 65, 71, 83, 87, 93,

97, 111, 117, 118, 127, 155Stationarity, 155Statistics

historical, 51mathematical, 51political, 51

210 Index

social, 46state administration, 46

Stochasticcalculus, 114process, 127, 153, 158, 159, 166

Stock exchange, 111–113, 115–118, 122, 161

speculation, 112–118Stylized fact, 1, 47, 66, 154, 155,

157, 167Syntropy, 146

TTechnological

change, 61, 160innovation, 54, 160

Tensor metric, 138, 144, 145Thermodynamics, 119, 136,

159–161second principle, 159

Time aseity, 139Turing, A., 9

VVallisneri, A., 33Vasco, G., 22, 27, 29, 31Verri, P., 22Vinci, F., 69, 70, 73–74, 78, 84, 96,

105, 108, 175Volterra, V., 132, 135

WWalras, L., 66, 107, 137, 138, 142Wealth distribution, 65–84, 156,

168–169Whewell, W., 49, 51, 57

Z

Zero-intelligent agent, 155

Statistics (cont.)