Reactions in Aqueous SolutionChapter 4

Up to Section 4.4 for Test III

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2

A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances

The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s)

The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount

Solution Solvent Solute

Soft drink(l)

Air(g)

Soft Solder(s)

H2O

N2

Pb

Sugar, CO2

O2, Ar, CH4

Snaqueous solutions

of KMnO4

3

An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.

A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

4

Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation

NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)H2O

Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated

CH3COOH CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

Conduct electricity in solution?

Cations (+) and Anions (-)

5

Ionization of acetic acid

CH3COOH CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)

A reversible reaction. The reaction can occur in both directions.

Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte because its ionization in water is incomplete.

6

Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.

H2O

7

Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity?

No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution

C6H12O6(s) C6H12O6(aq)H2O

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3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O

A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction

A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction

reactants products

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How to “Read” Chemical Equations

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO

48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

NOT

2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO

1010

Balancing Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula(s) for the reactants on the left side and the correct formula(s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation.

Ethane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the number of atoms of

each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do not change the subscripts.

2C2H6 NOT C4H12

1111

Balancing Chemical Equations

3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and one product.

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not O

2 carbonon left

1 carbonon right

multiply CO2 by 2

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

6 hydrogenon left

2 hydrogenon right

multiply H2O by 3

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

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Balancing Chemical Equations

4. Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.

2 oxygenon left

4 oxygen(2x2)

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

+ 3 oxygen(3x1)

multiply O2 by 72

= 7 oxygenon right

C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O72

remove fractionmultiply both sides by 2

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

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Balancing Chemical Equations

5. Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the

equation.

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Reactants Products

4 C12 H14 O

4 C12 H14 O

4 C (2 x 2) 4 C

12 H (2 x 6) 12 H (6 x 2)

14 O (7 x 2) 14 O (4 x 2 + 6)

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Precipitation Reactions

Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution

molecular equation

ionic equation

net ionic equation

Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2I- PbI2(s) + 2Na+ + 2NO3

-

Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions

PbI2

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

precipitate

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s)

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Precipitation of Lead Iodide

PbI2Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2(s)

16

Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

17

Examples of Insoluble Compounds

CdS PbS Ni(OH)2 Al(OH)3

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Writing Net Ionic Equations1. Write the balanced molecular equation.

2. Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes completely dissociated into cations and anions.

3. Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation

4. Check that charges and number of atoms are balanced in the net ionic equation

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Cl- AgCl(s) + Na+ + NO3

-

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)

Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride.

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Properties of Acids

Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrusfruits contain citric acid.

React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.

React with carbonates and bicarbonatesto produce carbon dioxide gas

Cause color changes in plant dyes.

2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.

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Have a bitter taste.

Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.

Properties of Bases

Cause color changes in plant dyes.

Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.

Examples:

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Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

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Hydronium ion, hydrated proton, H3O+

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A Brønsted acid is a proton donorA Brønsted base is a proton acceptor

acidbase acid base

A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable proton!

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Monoprotic acids

HCl H+ + Cl-

HNO3 H+ + NO3-

CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-

Strong electrolyte, strong acid

Strong electrolyte, strong acid

Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Diprotic acidsH2SO4 H+ + HSO4

-

HSO4- H+ + SO4

2-

Strong electrolyte, strong acid

Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Triprotic acidsH3PO4 H+ + H2PO4

-

H2PO4- H+ + HPO4

2-

HPO42- H+ + PO4

3-

Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Weak electrolyte, weak acid

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Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid, base, or both. (a) HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4

-

HI (aq) H+ (aq) + I- (aq) Brønsted acid

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) Brønsted base

H2PO4- (aq) H+ (aq) + HPO4

2- (aq)

H2PO4- (aq) + H+ (aq) H3PO4 (aq)

Brønsted acid

Brønsted base

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Neutralization Reaction

acid + base salt + water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O

H+ + OH- H2O

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Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak Electrolyte

weak acid + base salt + water

HCN(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCN(aq) + H2O

HCN + Na+ + OH- Na+ + CN- + H2O

HCN + OH- CN- + H2O

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Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas

acid + base salt + water + CO2

2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O +CO2

2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2

2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions(electron transfer reactions)

2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e-

O2 + 4e- 2O2-

Oxidation half-reaction (lose e-)

Reduction half-reaction (gain e-)

2Mg + O2 + 4e- 2Mg2+ + 2O2- + 4e-

2Mg + O2 2MgO

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Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Zn is oxidizedZn Zn2+ + 2e-

Cu2+ is reducedCu2+ + 2e- Cu

Zn is the reducing agent

Cu2+ is the oxidizing agent

Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal.What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction?

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Cu Cu2+ + 2e-

Ag+ + 1e- Ag Ag+ is reduced Ag+ is the oxidizing agent

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Oxidation number

The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or anionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred.

1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of zero.

Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0

2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to the charge on the ion.

Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2

3. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. In H2O2

and O22- it is –1.

4.4

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4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these cases, its oxidation number is –1.

6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion.

5. Group IA metals are +1, IIA metals are +2 and fluorine is always –1.

HCO3-

O = –2 H = +1

3x(–2) + 1 + ? = –1

C = +4

What are the oxidation numbers of all the elements in HCO3

- ?

7. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers. Oxidation number of oxygen in the superoxide ion, O2

-, is –½.

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The Oxidation Numbers of Elements in their Compounds

35

NaIO3

Na = +1 O = -2

3x(-2) + 1 + ? = 0

I = +5

IF7

F = -1

7x(-1) + ? = 0

I = +7

K2Cr2O7

O = -2 K = +1

7x(-2) + 2x(+1) + 2x(?) = 0

Cr = +6

What are the oxidation numbers of all the elements in each of these compounds? NaIO3 IF7 K2Cr2O7

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Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Combination Reaction

A + B C

3Mg + N2 MgN2

Decomposition Reaction

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

C A + B

0 0 +2 -3

+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 0

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Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Combustion Reaction

A + O2 B

S + O2 SO2

0 0 +4 -2

2Mg + O2 2MgO0 0 +2 -2

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Single Displacement Reactions

A + BC AC + B

Sr + 2H2O Sr(OH)2 + H2

TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2

Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2

Hydrogen Displacement

Metal Displacement

Halogen Displacement

Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

0 +1 +2 0

0+4 0 +2

0 -1 -1 0

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The Activity Series for Metals

M + BC MC + B

Hydrogen Displacement Reaction

M is metalBC is acid or H2O

B is H2

Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

Pb + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + H2

40

The Activity Series for Halogens

Halogen Displacement Reaction

Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2

0 -1 -1 0

F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

I2 + 2KBr 2KI + Br2

41

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3

NH3 + H+ NH4+

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

Ca + F2 CaF2

Precipitation

Acid-Base

Redox (H2 Displacement)

Redox (Combination)

Classify each of the following reactions.

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CH-3 (part and CH-4 HWSections 4.1 to 4.4 for test III

Pages 129 - 131

4.8, 4.10, 4.12, 4.14, 4.18, 4.20, 4.22, 4.32,4.34, 4.10, 4.42, 4.44, 4.46, 4.48, 4.50

Questions and ProblemsPage 91

3.60 & 3.644.8,