Post on 25-Dec-2015
Psychological Disorders
Coach VittrupPsychology
12/8/14
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Historical Explanations of Abnormal Behaviors• Demonic possession• Physical diseases• Products of psychological
conflicts• Learned maladaptive behaviors• Distorted perceptions of the
world
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Criteria for “abnormality”
• Distress• Dysfunction• Deviance
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Distress• Cause for significant
anxiety, sorrow or emotional pain
• Usually comes when disproportionately acute or long-lasting
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Dysfunctionality• Inhibits their ability to perform every-
day, typical functions
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Deviance• Behavior that departs from cultural
norms
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
What is Abnormal Behavior?Behavior that is so:
• Personally distressful• Personally dysfunctional• Culturally deviant
that others judge it as inappropriate or maladaptive
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
DSM-IV• Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
• Most widely used classification system in U.S.
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
DSM-IV Axes• Axis I: Primary clinical symptoms• Axis II: Long-standing personality or
developmental disorders
• Axis III: Relevant physical conditions• Axis IV: Intensity of environmental stressors• Axis V: Coping resources as reflected in
recent adaptive functioning
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Legal Concepts• Competency
• Defendant’s state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing
• Insanity• Presumed state of
mind of defendant at time crime was committed
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Definition• Frequency and intensity of anxiety
responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them
• Anxiety interferes with daily life
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Components of Anxiety Responses• Subjective-emotional• Cognitive• Physiological• Behavioral
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Phobias• Strong and
irrational fears of certain objects or situations
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Agoraphobia: Fear of open and public spaces from which escape would be difficult
Ablutophobia: Fear of bathing
Alektrophobia: Fear of chickens
Consecotalephobia: Fear of chopsticks Ombrophobia: Fear of being rained on Sesquipedalaphobia: Fear of long words
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder• Chronic state of diffuse, “free-
floating” anxiety• Anxiety not attached to specific
objects or situations
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder• Panic occurs suddenly and
unpredictably• Much more intense than typical
anxiety
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder• Obsessions
• Repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses
• Compulsions• Repetitive behavioral responses
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder• Severe anxiety disorder• Can occur in people exposed to
extreme trauma
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Symptoms of PTSD• Severe symptoms of anxiety, arousal,
and distress• Reliving of trauma in flashbacks• Numb to world and avoidance of
reminders• Intense “survivor guilt”
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Biological Factors in Anxiety• Overreactive autonomic nervous
system• Overreactive neurotransmitter
systems involved in emotional responses
• Overreactive right hemisphere sites involved in emotions
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Cognitive Factors• Maladaptive thought patterns and
beliefs• Exaggerated misinterpretations of
stimuli
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Breakdown of normal personality integration• Results in alterations to memory or
identity
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Psychogenic Amnesia• Response to
stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)• Formerly called multiple personality
disorder• Two or more separate personalities
coexist in the same person
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Causes of DID• Trauma-Dissociation Theory
• Development of personalities is a response to severe stress
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Involve depression and mania Most frequently experienced
(with anxiety disorders) psychological disorders
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Major Depression• Intense depressed
state• Leaves people
unable to function effectively in their lives
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Symptoms of Depression• Negative mood• Cognitive symptoms• Motivational symptoms• Somatic (physical) symptoms
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Bipolar Disorder• Depression
alternates with periods of mania
• Mania = Highly excited mood and behavior
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Prevalence of Mood Disorders• 1 in 20 Americans is severely
depressed (Narrow et al., 2002)• 1 in 5 Americans will have a
depressive episode of clinical proportions during lifetime (Hamilton, 1989)
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Gender Differences• Women about twice as
likely to suffer from depression
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Depressive Cognitive Triad Negative thoughts concerning:
• The world• Oneself• The future
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Learned Helplessness Theory• Depression occurs when people
expect that bad events will occur and they think that they can’t cope with them
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SuicideSuicide
Willful taking of one’s life
Second most frequent cause of death among high school and college students
Women attempt more suicides; men are more likely to kill selves
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SuicideSuicide
Warning Signs of Suicide• Verbal or behavioral threat to kill self• History of previous attempts• Detailed plan that involves a lethal
method
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Severe disturbances in:• Thinking• Speech• Perception• Emotion• Behavior
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia • Misinterpretation of reality• Disordered attention, thought,
perception• Withdrawal from social activities
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia cont.• Strange or inappropriate
communication• Neglect of personal grooming• Disorganized behavior
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Delusions• False beliefs that are sustained in the
face of contrary evidence normally sufficient to destroy them
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Hallucinations
• False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality
• Can be auditory or visual
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia• Paranoid
• Delusions of persecution and grandeur
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia• Disorganized
• Confusion and incoherence• Severe deterioration of adaptive
behavior
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia• Catatonic
• Motor disturbances from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Positive Symptoms• Bizarre behaviors such as delusions,
hallucinations, and disordered speech, thinking
Negative Symptoms• Absence of normal reactions• e.g., emotional expression,
motivation, normal speech
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Biological Causes• Genetic predisposition• Destruction of neural tissue
(neurodegenerative hypothesis)• Atrophy in brain regions that
influence cognitions, emotions
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Increase likelihood of acquiring, maintaining several Axis I disorders
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Three Clusters:
• Dramatic and impulsive behaviors
• Anxiety and fearfulness• Odd and eccentric
behaviors
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder• Psychopaths or sociopaths• 3:1 male-female ratio• Lack a conscience• Fail to respond to punishment
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Childhood DisordersChildhood Disorders
ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)• Attentional difficulties• Hyperactivity-impulsivity• Most common childhood disorder (7-
10% of U.S. children)
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Childhood DisordersChildhood Disorders
Causes of ADHD• Genetic predispositions• Brain scans show no differences with
“normals”• Environmental factors
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Childhood DisordersChildhood Disorders
Other Externalizing Disorders• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
• Disobedient, defiant, hostile• Conduct Disorder
• Violate social norms and show disregard for others’ rights
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Dementia in Old AgeDementia in Old Age
Alzheimer’s Disease• 60% of senile dementias• Caused by deterioration in frontal
and temporal lobes of brain• Plaques in brain• Destruction of cells that produce
acetylcholine