Psychological Disorders Coach Vittrup Psychology 12/8/14.
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Transcript of Psychological Disorders Coach Vittrup Psychology 12/8/14.
Psychological Disorders
Coach VittrupPsychology
12/8/14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Historical Explanations of Abnormal Behaviors• Demonic possession• Physical diseases• Products of psychological
conflicts• Learned maladaptive behaviors• Distorted perceptions of the
world
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Criteria for “abnormality”
• Distress• Dysfunction• Deviance
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Distress• Cause for significant
anxiety, sorrow or emotional pain
• Usually comes when disproportionately acute or long-lasting
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Dysfunctionality• Inhibits their ability to perform every-
day, typical functions
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Deviance• Behavior that departs from cultural
norms
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
What is Abnormal Behavior?Behavior that is so:
• Personally distressful• Personally dysfunctional• Culturally deviant
that others judge it as inappropriate or maladaptive
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
DSM-IV• Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
• Most widely used classification system in U.S.
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13-10
Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
DSM-IV Axes• Axis I: Primary clinical symptoms• Axis II: Long-standing personality or
developmental disorders
• Axis III: Relevant physical conditions• Axis IV: Intensity of environmental stressors• Axis V: Coping resources as reflected in
recent adaptive functioning
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Defining and ClassifyingDefining and Classifying
Legal Concepts• Competency
• Defendant’s state of mind at the time of a judicial hearing
• Insanity• Presumed state of
mind of defendant at time crime was committed
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Definition• Frequency and intensity of anxiety
responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them
• Anxiety interferes with daily life
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Components of Anxiety Responses• Subjective-emotional• Cognitive• Physiological• Behavioral
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Phobias• Strong and
irrational fears of certain objects or situations
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Agoraphobia: Fear of open and public spaces from which escape would be difficult
Ablutophobia: Fear of bathing
Alektrophobia: Fear of chickens
Consecotalephobia: Fear of chopsticks Ombrophobia: Fear of being rained on Sesquipedalaphobia: Fear of long words
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder• Chronic state of diffuse, “free-
floating” anxiety• Anxiety not attached to specific
objects or situations
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder• Panic occurs suddenly and
unpredictably• Much more intense than typical
anxiety
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13-19
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder• Obsessions
• Repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses
• Compulsions• Repetitive behavioral responses
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder• Severe anxiety disorder• Can occur in people exposed to
extreme trauma
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Symptoms of PTSD• Severe symptoms of anxiety, arousal,
and distress• Reliving of trauma in flashbacks• Numb to world and avoidance of
reminders• Intense “survivor guilt”
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Biological Factors in Anxiety• Overreactive autonomic nervous
system• Overreactive neurotransmitter
systems involved in emotional responses
• Overreactive right hemisphere sites involved in emotions
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Cognitive Factors• Maladaptive thought patterns and
beliefs• Exaggerated misinterpretations of
stimuli
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Breakdown of normal personality integration• Results in alterations to memory or
identity
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Psychogenic Amnesia• Response to
stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)• Formerly called multiple personality
disorder• Two or more separate personalities
coexist in the same person
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Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Causes of DID• Trauma-Dissociation Theory
• Development of personalities is a response to severe stress
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Involve depression and mania Most frequently experienced
(with anxiety disorders) psychological disorders
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Major Depression• Intense depressed
state• Leaves people
unable to function effectively in their lives
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Symptoms of Depression• Negative mood• Cognitive symptoms• Motivational symptoms• Somatic (physical) symptoms
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13-31
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Bipolar Disorder• Depression
alternates with periods of mania
• Mania = Highly excited mood and behavior
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Prevalence of Mood Disorders• 1 in 20 Americans is severely
depressed (Narrow et al., 2002)• 1 in 5 Americans will have a
depressive episode of clinical proportions during lifetime (Hamilton, 1989)
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Gender Differences• Women about twice as
likely to suffer from depression
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Depressive Cognitive Triad Negative thoughts concerning:
• The world• Oneself• The future
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13-36
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Mood (Affective) DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders
Learned Helplessness Theory• Depression occurs when people
expect that bad events will occur and they think that they can’t cope with them
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13-38
SuicideSuicide
Willful taking of one’s life
Second most frequent cause of death among high school and college students
Women attempt more suicides; men are more likely to kill selves
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13-39
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SuicideSuicide
Warning Signs of Suicide• Verbal or behavioral threat to kill self• History of previous attempts• Detailed plan that involves a lethal
method
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Severe disturbances in:• Thinking• Speech• Perception• Emotion• Behavior
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia • Misinterpretation of reality• Disordered attention, thought,
perception• Withdrawal from social activities
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Diagnosis of Schizophrenia cont.• Strange or inappropriate
communication• Neglect of personal grooming• Disorganized behavior
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Delusions• False beliefs that are sustained in the
face of contrary evidence normally sufficient to destroy them
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Hallucinations
• False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality
• Can be auditory or visual
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia• Paranoid
• Delusions of persecution and grandeur
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia• Disorganized
• Confusion and incoherence• Severe deterioration of adaptive
behavior
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Subtypes of Schizophrenia• Catatonic
• Motor disturbances from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Positive Symptoms• Bizarre behaviors such as delusions,
hallucinations, and disordered speech, thinking
Negative Symptoms• Absence of normal reactions• e.g., emotional expression,
motivation, normal speech
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Biological Causes• Genetic predisposition• Destruction of neural tissue
(neurodegenerative hypothesis)• Atrophy in brain regions that
influence cognitions, emotions
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Stable, ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Increase likelihood of acquiring, maintaining several Axis I disorders
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Three Clusters:
• Dramatic and impulsive behaviors
• Anxiety and fearfulness• Odd and eccentric
behaviors
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Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder• Psychopaths or sociopaths• 3:1 male-female ratio• Lack a conscience• Fail to respond to punishment
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Childhood DisordersChildhood Disorders
ADHD (Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder)• Attentional difficulties• Hyperactivity-impulsivity• Most common childhood disorder (7-
10% of U.S. children)
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Childhood DisordersChildhood Disorders
Causes of ADHD• Genetic predispositions• Brain scans show no differences with
“normals”• Environmental factors
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Childhood DisordersChildhood Disorders
Other Externalizing Disorders• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
• Disobedient, defiant, hostile• Conduct Disorder
• Violate social norms and show disregard for others’ rights
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Dementia in Old AgeDementia in Old Age
Alzheimer’s Disease• 60% of senile dementias• Caused by deterioration in frontal
and temporal lobes of brain• Plaques in brain• Destruction of cells that produce
acetylcholine