Post on 25-Dec-2015
Proximalepiphysis
Epiphysealline
Articularcartilage
Periosteum
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Medullarycavity (linedby endosteum)
Compact bone
Diaphysis
Distalepiphysis
Yellow bone marrow
Endosteum
Compact bone
Periosteum
Perforating(Sharpey’s) fibers
Nutrientarteries
Endosteum lining bony canalsand covering trabeculae
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibersPeriosteal blood vesselPeriosteum
Lacuna (withosteocyte) Lacunae
Lamellae
NerveVeinArtery
Canaliculus
Osteocytein a lacuna
Circumferentiallamellae
Osteon(Haversian system)
Central(Haversian) canal
Centralcanal
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae
Compactbone
Spongy bone
Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.
Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.
The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.
The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.
The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains only in the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.
Hyalinecartilage
Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix
Epiphysealblood vessel
Spongyboneformation
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Secondaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Medullarycavity
Articularcartilage
Childhood toadolescence
BirthWeek 9 Month 3
Spongybone
Bonecollar
Primaryossificationcenter
1 2 3 4 5
Hematoma Externalcallus
Bonycallus ofspongybone
Healedfracture
Newbloodvessels
Spongybonetrabecula
Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)
A hematoma forms. Fibrocartilaginouscallus forms.
Bony callus forms. Boneremodelingoccurs.
1 2 3 4
Skull
Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)
Anterior view
Facial bones
Cranium
Sacrum
Vertebralcolumn
Clavicle
ScapulaSternumRibHumerusVertebraRadiusUlnaCarpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
FemurPatella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Lambdoidsuture
Facialbones
Squamoussuture
Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Coronalsuture
Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone
Nasal boneSphenoid bone(greater wing)Temporal boneEthmoid boneLacrimal boneZygomatic bone
MaxillaMandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mentalforamen
Anterior view Mandibular symphysis
Frontal bone
GlabellaFrontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen(notch)Supraorbital marginSuperior orbitalfissure
Inferior orbitalfissureMiddle nasalconcha
Inferior nasal conchaVomer
Optic canal
Perpendicularplate
Ethmoidbone
Coronal suture Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Nasal bone
Zygomaticbone
Maxilla
Alveolarmargins
MandibleMental foramen
Parietal bone
Lambdoidsuture
SquamoussutureOccipitalbone
OccipitomastoidsutureExternal acousticmeatusMastoid processStyloid process
Mandibular condyleMandibular notch
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Mandibular angle Coronoid process
Zygomaticprocess
Temporal bone
Incisive fossa
Median palatine sutureIntermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramenMaxilla
Sphenoid bone(greater wing)
Foramen ovale
Foramen lacerumCarotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoidforamen
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen spinosum
Maxilla(palatine process)
Hardpalate
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone(zygomatic process)
Mandibularfossa
Vomer
Styloid process
External occipital crestExternal occipitalprotuberance
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercleof basilar region ofthe occipital boneParietal bone
Palatine bone(horizontal plate)
Hypophyseal fossaof sella turcica
Middle cranialfossa
Temporal bone(petrous part)
Posteriorcranial fossa
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Optic canal
Foramen rotundumForamen ovaleForamen spinosum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Foramen lacerum
Internal acousticmeatus
Cribriform plateEthmoidbone Crista galli
Sphenoid
Anterior cranial fossa
Lesser wingGreater wing
View
Greaterwing
Hypophysealfossa ofsella turcica
ForamenrotundumForamenovaleForamenspinosumBody of sphenoid
Superiororbital fissure
Superior view
Optic canalLesser wing
Body of sphenoid
Greaterwing
Superiororbitalfissure
Lesserwing
Pterygoidprocess
Posterior view
Orbitalplate
Ethmoidalair cells
Perpendicularplate Middle nasal concha
Cribriformplate
Olfactoryforamina
Crista galli
Left lateral mass
Coronoidprocess
Mandibular foramen
Mentalforamen
Mandibularangle
Ramusofmandible
Mandibularcondyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular fossaof temporal bone
Body of mandible
Alveolarmargin
Mandible, right lateral view
Temporomandibularjoint
Frontal process
Articulates withfrontal bone
Anterior nasalspine
Infraorbitalforamen
Alveolarmargin
Maxilla, right lateral view
Orbitalsurface
Zygomaticprocess(cut)
Maxillary bone(palatine process)
Palatine bone(perpendicular plate)
Palatine bone(horizontal plate)
Pterygoidprocess
Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)
SphenoidsinusSphenoid
bone
Anterior nasal spine
Frontal sinus
Superiornasal conchaMiddlenasal concha
Ethmoidbone
Inferior nasalconcha
Nasal bone
Superior, middle, andinferior meatus
Vomer
Crista galliCribriformplate
Ethmoidbone
Frontalsinus
Nasal bone
Septal cartilage
Alveolar marginof maxilla
Perpendicularplate of ethmoid bone
Sella turcica
Sphenoid sinus
Palatinebone Palatine processof maxilla
Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
Hardpalate
Frontalsinus
Ethmoidalair cells(sinus)
Maxillarysinus
Sphenoidsinus
Frontalsinus
Ethmoidalair cells
Maxillarysinus
Sphenoidsinus
Anterior aspect Medial aspect
Hyoid Bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
Cervical curvature (concave)7 vertebrae, C1–C7
Thoracic curvature
(convex) 12 vertebrae,T1–T12
Lumbar curvature(concave)5 vertebrae, L1–L5
Sacral curvature(convex)5 fused vertebrae sacrum
Coccyx4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view Right lateral view
Spinousprocess
Transverseprocesses
Intervertebraldiscs
Intervertebralforamen
C1
Posterior
Anterior
Lamina
Superiorarticularprocessandfacet
Transverseprocess
Pedicle
Spinousprocess
Vertebralarch
Vertebralforamen
Body(centrum)
Transverseprocess
Spinousprocess
Superior articularprocess
Transversecostal facet (fortubercle of rib)
Body
Intervertebraldisc
Inferior costalfacet (for headof rib)Inferior articularprocess
Thoracic vertebrae
Superiorarticularprocess
Transverseprocess
Spinousprocess
Intervertebraldisc
Body
Inferiorarticularprocess
Lumbar vertebrae
Coccyx
AnteriorsacralforaminaApex
Sacral promontory
Ala
Body offirstsacralvertebra
Transverseridges (sites of vertebral fusion)
Anterior view
Coccyx
Posteriorsacralforamina
Mediansacralcrest
Sacralcanal
Sacralhiatus
Body Facet ofsuperiorarticular process
Lateralsacralcrest
Auricularsurface
Ala
Posterior view
Intercostal spaces
Trueribs(1–7)
Falseribs(8–12)
Jugular notchClavicular notch
ManubriumSternal angleBodyXiphisternaljointXiphoidprocess
L1
Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12)Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Sternum
Costal cartilage
Costal margin
ClavicleAcromio-clavicularjoint
Scapula
Articulated pectoral girdle
Acromial (lateral)end
Right clavicle, superior view
Posterior
Sternal (medial)end
Anterior
Acromion
Coracoidprocess
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Superiorangle
Subscapularfossa
Medial border
Inferior angle
Glenoidcavity
Lateral border
Right scapula, anterior aspect
Superiorangle
Medial border
Coracoid processSuprascapular notch
Acromion
Glenoidcavityat lateralangle
Lateral border
Infraspinousfossa
Spine
Right scapula, posterior aspect
Supraspinousfossa
Greatertubercle
Lessertubercle
Inter-tubercularsulcus
Lateralsupracondylarridge
Radial fossa
Capitulum
Head ofhumerus
Anatomicalneck
Deltoidtuberosity
Coronoidfossa
Medialepicondyle
Trochlea
Anterior view
Radialnotch ofthe ulna
OlecranonprocessTrochlearnotchCoronoidprocess Proximalradioulnarjoint
Distal radioulnarjoint
Styloid processof radius
Radius
Neck ofradius
Head ofradius
Ulnar notchof the radiusHead of ulna
Styloidprocess of ulna
InterosseousmembraneUlna
Head
Neck
Radialtuberosity
Radius
Styloidprocessof radius
Anterior view Posterior view
Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
View
Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist
Ulnar notch of radius
Headof ulna
Styloidprocess
Articulationfor scaphoid
Articulationfor lunate
Styloidprocess
View
Coronoidfossa
Radius
Radialtuberosity
Head ofradius
Capitulum
Trochlea
Anterior view at the elbow region
Humerus
Medialepicondyle
Coronoidprocess of ulna
UlnaRadial notch
Olecranonfossa
Ulna
Olecranonprocess
Medialepicondyle
Posterior view of extended elbow
Humerus
Lateralepicondyle
Head
RadiusNeck
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Phalanges
Carpals
Radius
• Proximal• Middle• Distal
• Triquetrum• Lunate
• Capitate• Hamate
• Pisiform
Metacarpals
Carpals
Posterior view of left hand
Ulna
• Base• Shaft• Head
• Trapezoid• Trapezium
• Scaphoid
Carpals
Anterior view of left hand
Radius
Sesamoidbones
Coxalbone(os coxaeor hip bone)
llium
Sacroiliacjoint
Iliac fossa
Pubicbone
Ischium
Sacrum
Base of sacrum
Sacralpromontory
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic crestPubic symphysis
Iliac crest
Coccyx
Pubic arch
Anterior inferioriliac spine
Anteriorsuperior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
IliumAla
Anterior gluteallinePosterior gluteal linePosteriorsuperioriIiac spine
Greater sciaticnotch
Posterior inferioriliac spine
Ischial bodyIschial spineLesser sciatic notch
Ischialtuberosity
Ischium
Ischial ramus Obturator foramen
Inferiorgluteal line
Acetabulum
Pubic body
Iliac crest
Anteriorsuperioriliac spine
Anterior inferioriliac spine
Pubis
Inferior ramusof pubis
Lateral view, right hip bone
Iliac fossa
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anteriorsuperioriliac spine
Anterior inferioriliac spine
Arcuate line
Pubic tubercle
Superior ramusof pubis
Inferior ramusof pubis
Posteriorsuperioriliac spine
Obturatorforamen
Body ofthe ilium
Ischium
Ischial ramus
Medial view, right hip bone
Auricularsurface
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Greater sciatic notch
Posteriorinferioriliac spine
Articular surfaceof pubis (at pubic symphysis)
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves
Characteristic Female Male
Bone thickness Lighter, thinner, and smoother
Heavier, thicker, and more prominent markings
Pubic arch/angle 80˚– 90˚ 50˚– 60˚
Acetabula Small; farther apart Large; closer together
Sacrum Wider, shorter; sacral curvature is accentuated
Narrow, longer; sacral promontory more ventral
Coccyx More movable; straighter
Less movable; curves ventrally
Neck Foveacapitis
Greatertrochanter
Inter-trochantericcrest
Head
Intertrochantericline
Lesser trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Lateralcondyle
LateralepicondyleIntercondylar fossa
Medial andlateral supra-condylar lines
Medial condyle
Medialepicondyle
Adductortubercle
Anterior view Posterior view
Femur (thigh bone)
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Posterior
Facet formedialcondyleof femur
Facet for lateralcondyle of femur
Surface forpatellarligament
ApexAnterior
(a) Patella (kneecap)
Medial condyle
Articular surface
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous membrane
Anterior border
Tibia
Medial malleolus
Intercondylar eminence
Proximal tibiofibularjoint
Distal tibiofibularjoint
Lateral malleolus
Lateral condyle
Fibula
Head
Anterior view
Medial condyle
Articular surface oflateral condyle
Articular surfaceof medial condyle
Articular surface
Interosseousmembrane
Tibia Fibula
Head of fibula
Medial malleolusLateral malleolus
Posterior view
Medialcuneiform
Phalanges
Metatarsals
TarsalsNavicular
Intermediatecuneiform
Talus
CalcaneusSuperior view
Cuboid
Lateralcuneiform
Proximal54321
Middle
Distal
Trochleaof talus
Facet formedialmalleolus
Calcanealtuberosity
Medial view
Intermediatecuneiform Sustentac-
ulum tali(talar shelf)
Talus
Navicular
First metatarsal
Medialcuneiform
Calcaneus
Epiphysealplate (temporaryhyaline cartilagejoint)
Sternum(manubrium)
Joint betweenfirst rib andsternum(immovable)
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilaginousintervertebraldisc
Pubic symphysis
Body of vertebra
Hyaline cartilage
SymphysesBones united by fibrocartilage
Gliding Movements
Gliding
Gliding movements at the wrist
Angular Movements
Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck
Hyperextension Extension
Flexion
Angular Movements
Abduction
Adduction
Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
Circumduction
Rotation
Lateralrotation
Medialrotation
Rotation
Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb
Acromionof scapula
Synovial membraneFibrous capsule
Hyalinecartilage
CoracoacromialligamentSubacromialbursa
Fibrousarticular capsuleTendonsheath
Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle
Synovial cavityof the glenoidcavity containingsynovial fluid
Humerus
Frontal section through right shoulder joint
Articularcapsule
Synovialmembrane
Synovial cavity
Articular cartilage
Coronoid process
Tendon ofbrachialis muscle
Ulna
Humerus
Fat pad
Tendon oftricepsmuscle
Bursa
Trochlea
Articular cartilageof the trochlearnotch
Median sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view)
Articular cartilage
Coxal (hip) bone
Ligament ofthe head of the femur (ligamentum teres)
Synovial cavity
Articular capsule
Acetabularlabrum
Femur
Frontal section through the right hip joint
Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Femur
Tendon of quadricepsfemoris
Suprapatellar bursa
PatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursa
Synovial cavity
Lateral meniscus
Posteriorcruciateligament
Infrapatellar fat pad
Deep infrapatellarbursa
Patellar ligament
Articularcapsule
Lateralmeniscus
Anteriorcruciateligament
Tibia
Quadricepsfemoris muscle
Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris muscle
Patella
Lateral patellarretinaculum
Medial patellarretinaculum
Tibial collateralligament
Tibia
Fibularcollateralligament
Fibula
Anterior view of right knee
Patellar ligament