Post on 04-Jan-2017
Clare J.Fowler
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
& Institute of Neurology, UCL
Annual Scientific Update in
Urogynaecology-
Joint RCOG/BSUG Meeting
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
Aims • Background
•Brain processing of bladder afferents
•Urinary retention in young women
•Response to sacral neuromodulation
•Joint Best Abstract at ICS 2009
San Francisco “An fMRI study of the effect of
sacral neuromodulation on brain responses in
women with urinary retention”
• ICS Discussed Poster 32 “The possible role of opiates in women with urinary retention-
observations from a prospective clinical study”
S2-4 in cauda equina
pelvic & pudendal ns
PAG PMC
S2-4 in cauda equina
pelvic & pudendal ns
How full is my
bladder?
Is this the right
time and place
to void?
Fowler, de Groat and Griffith, 2008
Derek Griffiths’ Triple Circuit theory of bladder control
Circuit 1
Circuit 1 and 2
Derek Griffiths’ Triple Circuit theory of bladder control
Circuit 1, 2 and 3
Derek Griffiths’ Triple Circuit theory of bladder control
PAG
PMC
TH
ACC
H
RI/LPFC MPFC
PAG
PMC
MPFC RI/LPFC
TH
ACC
H
PMC
S2-4 in cauda equina
pelvic & pudendal ns
Urinary retention in young women
Manchester
Belfast
Edinburgh
Guernsey
Map of Referrals
Of women in retention
Key and Number of
referrals
2001 – 55 Referrals
2002 – 55 Referrals
2003 – 66 Referrals
2004 – 71 Referrals
2005 – 62 Referrals
2006/7 – 83 Referrals
London (within M25)
2001 – 17 Referrals
2002 – 18 Referrals
2003 – 26 Referrals
2004 – 27 Referrals
2005 – 21 Referrals
2006/7 – 35 Referrals
Birmingham
Cardiff London
55%
25%
6%
6%
9%
Cause undetermined(n=29)
Fowler's Syndrome(n=13)
Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (n=3)
Postoperative* (n=3)
Under investigation (n=5)
*Surgeries: Anterior resection of colon, rectopexy, caudal block
Causes for retention (n=53)
Primary disorder of sphincter relaxation
involuntary involuntary
Clinical History of FS
• Female
• Aged between onset of menarche and menopause
• No evidence of urological disease, gynaecological or
neurological disease
• Retention with a volume in excess of >1000 mL
• No sense of urinary urgency despite high bladder
volumes
• Straining does not help emptying
• Sense of “something gripping” or difficulty on removing
the catheter
• No history of urological abnormalities in childhood or
associated abnormalities of the urinary tract.
• Association with polycystic ovarian syndrome and
endometriosis
Laboratory Findings
• Raised urethral pressure (> 50% expected
value for age)
• Characteristic urethral sphincter EMG
• (Increased sphincter volume on USS
assessment)
urethral
afferents
PAG
Sacral cord
higher brain centres
bladder
afferents urethral
afferents
PAG
Sacral cord
higher brain centres
bladder
afferents
A B
“Pro-continence reflex”
Response to sacral neuromodulation (SNM)
20
5y
Time to recurrent retention0
10
20
30
40
50
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
1505y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
FOWLER
NON-FOWLER
Time
Perc
en
t su
rviv
al
Success over time
P=0.005
De Ridder et al. Eur Urol. 2007 Jan;51(1):229-33.
PNE
An fMRI study of the effect of sacral
neuromodulation on brain responses in
women with Fowler’s Syndrome
Rajesh Kavia, Ranan DasGupta,
Hugo Critchley, Clare Fowler and
Derek Griffiths
Fowler’s Syndrome: our hypothesis
We expected:
• weak or no bladder signals in
response to bladder filling
– weak or no response at gateway
to brain (PAG)
• weak or no response to
bladder filling where
sensation is registered
– (insula)
• normalization by SNM
PAG
insula
Methods
• 6 women with FS aged 18 – 39 years
– had responded to temporary SNM therapy
– fMRI with 1.5 Tesla scanner
– 1 scan per 3.24s, covering brain in 36 slices
• 280 scans in 15 min
– measured brain responses to repeated rapid
bladder filling and withdrawal
Methods
• In each session:
– repeated infusion and withdrawal of 50 ml saline (over 7 s)
• with reporting of change in desire to void
• Response to filling taken as infusion minus withdrawal
empty full
infuse withdraw
Methods: 4 sessions
Near-empty
bladder
Full bladder
(> 600 ml)
No SNM
(baseline)
With (just after)
SNM
Baseline findings Fowler’s syndrome normal
blue = deactivated red = activated
insula
Findings
• We expected weak or no activation but
instead we find
– widespread brain deactivation in Fowler’s
syndrome
– the opposite of normal behavior
• Is this an artifact?
– If this is real we expect larger deactivation in
more pronounced disease (higher MUCP)
Test: deactivation more pronounced in
patients with higher MUCP: not an artifact
Higher MUCP
Mo
re d
eacti
vati
on
Which regions are deactivated?
• Right insula
– visceral sensory cortex
deactivated
• PAG (or nearby)
– gateway to brain
deactivated
insula
PAG
Effect of filling bladder and SNM
• With full bladder
• or after SNM
– more activation
– less deactivation
• More nearly normal
• The deactivations we saw before
– empty bladder
– no SNM
fill bladder
SNM
Where is activation restored by full
bladder and SNM?
• Restored activation of
PAG
– gateway to brain
– restored bladder signals
• and right insula
– seat of bladder sensation
• Patients report restored
sensation
– (and ability to void) insula
PAG
Older PET study showed similar PAG
behavior with SNM
fMRI PET
Method reminder
• In each session:
– repeated infusion and withdrawal of 50 ml saline (over 7 s)
• with reporting of change in desire to void
• Response to filling taken as infusion minus withdrawal
empty full
infuse withdraw
Suggested mechanism
SNM
Conclusions • Existing conundrum – how does SNM work in DO,
OAB AND retention?
In Fowler’s Syndrome SNM partly rectifies situation by
supplying afferent input to midbrain
• What does “blue brain” before SNM in FS mean?
Brain responses to bladder filling abnormal causing
deactivation instead of activation
Reduced bladder afferents, reduced sensation
Stronger with higher MUCP
Opiate use in 61 patients with urinary retention
Panicker, 2009 , ICS San Francisco
PAG
Sacral cord
higher brain centres
bladder
afferents urethral
afferents
PAG
Sacral cord
higher brain centres
bladder
afferents urethral
afferents
opiates
A B
Conclusions
• FS is a common cause of urinary retention in young women
• These patients respond particularly well to sacral neuromodulation
• It works by “re-informing” the brain about bladder sensation
• However, we are now alert to the possibility that opiates may have an additive effect on the pathophysiology of FS.