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Mid Term Review

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How are public speaking and everyday conversation different?

How are they similar??

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Similarities

• Public speaking and conversation share two major goals.

1. The first goal is to inform people about things they do not know.

2.The second goal is to persuade people to believe something or to take a certain course of action.

1. The third goal is to entertain people and make them feel happy and good about themselves.

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Differences

• There are key differences between public speaking and everyday conversation.

1.Public speaking is more highly structured than ordinary conversation.

2.Public speaking requires more formal language than ordinary conversation.

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Ethnocentrism

What is it?

Why should we avoid it?

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Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to all others.

Although speakers do not have to agree with the beliefs and customs of all people, they

will not be successful unless they show respect for the cultures of the people they

address.

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Don't Overestimate What the Audience Knows

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The goal is to inform the audience. If they don’t understand what you are talking about

you can’t inform them – You will only confuse them. You must tailor your speech

to suit your audience.

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ETHOS

Trust

• Believability

Credibility

Ethos = Credibility

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PATHOS

Pathos is an appeal on the emotions.

Fear

Sympathy

Anger

Empathy

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LOGOS

Logos is an appeal to logic.

Logos is about proving you are right.

Data

Statistics

Facts

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Initial Credibility/Ethos

The credibility of the speaker before he begins.

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Derived Credibility/Ethos

The credibility of the speaker gained during the speech.

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How to Gain Ethos/Credibilty

Ethos can also be gained simply by stating how much you have studied your topic.

Ethos can also be gained by showing that you believe what you are talking about.

Ethos can also be gained by showing that you know what you are talking about.

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Stephen Hawking

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If Stephen Hawking gives a speech on living in a wheelchair …..he will have ethos because he has

experience living in a wheelchair.

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If Stephen Hawking gives a speech on theoretical physics……. physics he will have huge ethos

because he is a world famous expert on the subject.

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He will have huge initial credibility/ethos.

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BUT

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If he gives a speech on football his ethos will be low.

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BUT

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He can derive/gain/get credibility by showing how much he has researched the sport and

by being enthusiastic about it.

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Getting their Attention

you need to find an

Attention Grabber

Quote

Rhetorical question

Interesting fact/statistic

Humour

Personal story

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People put every word they are going to say on their slides. Sure this means they don’t have to memorize the speech but it makes

the slides crowded, wordy and boring. You will lose your audiences attention before

you reach the bottom of the slide. Don’t do it.

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How many main points should a speech have?

3

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Persuasive vs. Informative

Informative speaking is speaking with facts and presents no opinion while persuasive speaking is also speaking with facts but presents an opinion by using those facts and overall trying to convince the audience to believe in one thing instead of another.

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Informative Speech

Conveys knowledge/information

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Persuasive Speech

The process of reinforcing or changing someone’s belief or behavior.

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Monroe’s Motivation Sequence

1. Attention: Hey! Listen to me, I have a PROBLEM!

2. Need: Let me EXPLAIN the problem.

3. Satisfy: But, I have a SOLUTION!

4. Visualization: If we IMPLEMENT my solution, this is what will happen.

5. Action: Do this now

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Step Audience response

Attention:Getting attention

I want to listen

Need:Showing the need:describing the problem

Something needs to be done

Satisfaction:Satisfying the need:presenting the solution

This is what to do to satisfy the need

Visualization:Visualizing the results

I can see myself enjoying the benefits of such an action

Action:Requesting action or approval

I will do this