Human digestion

Human digestive system (General plan)

Accessory digestive organs

Organ/s Mechanical digestion

Carbohydrate digestion Protein digestion

Nucleic Acid digestion

Lipid digestion

Oral cavityEsophagusPharynx

ChewingPeristalsis

Stomach ChurningMixingPeristalsis

Small intestineLumen

PeristalsisMixing

Small intestineEpithelium

Polysaccharides(starch, glycogen)

Disaccharides(sucrose, lactose)

Salivary amylaseSmaller polysaccharides,

maltose

Polysaccharides

Pancreatic amylase

Maltose and other disaccharides

Disaccharidases

Monosaccharides

Proteins

Pepsin

Small polypeptides

Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Smaller polypeptides

Small peptidesDipeptidases,

carboxypeptidase,

aminopeptidase

Amino acids

DNA, RNA

Pancreaticnucleases

Nucleotides

NucleotidasesNucleosides

Nucleosidases, phosphatasesNitrogenous

bases,sugars,

phosphates

Fat globules

Bile saltsFat droplets

Pancreatic lipase

Glycerol, fattyacids, glycerides

Sites of digestion

• Salivary glands– Water– Some enzymes• Salivary amylase• Lysozyme

– Mucus or mucin• Teeth

Digestion in the Mouth

Swallowing: from mouth to stomach

Muscular sac◦ Churns & mixes

foodGastric glands

◦ Parietal cells HCl, intrinsic factor

◦ Goblet cells mucus

◦ Chief cells pepsinogen, weak gastric lipase

◦ Gastrin Hormone Controls gastric juices

Comes out as chyme (2-6 hours)

Digestion in the Stomach

LiverSecretes bile (stored in gall bladder)Emulsifies fats

GallbladderStores, concentrates, and

releases bile into duodenum

Stimulated by the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)

• Exocrine function• Acinar cells secrete

pancreatic juice– Amylase– Lipase– Trypsin– Chymotrypsin– Carboxypeptidase– Nuclease– NaHCO3

• Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) fr intestinal wall stimulates PJ production

Pancreas

Absorption in the small intestine

Reabsorption and elimination in the large intestine

• Areas of the colon• cecum • rectum • anus

• Absorption of water and electrolytes

• Concentration & elimination of solids

• Home for bacteria• folic acid• vitamin K• several B-vitamins• gases

• Liver

• Gall-• bladder

• CCK

• Entero-• gastrone

• Gastrin

• Stomach

• Pancreas

• Secretin

• CCK

• Duodenum

• Key

• Stimulation

• Inhibition