Pre-Romanticism / Romanticism Dates: c. 1780s / 1800 - c. 1850

• Art of Feeling• Early Artists - Francisco de Goya, William Blake, Henry Fuseli• Rebelling against the neoclassical age of reason• Jean Jacques Rousseau - Primal man, human nature, break free of chains• Leading artists: Gericault and Delacroix (French)• Based on: intuition, emotion, and imagination• Influence: Sublime, medieval and romantic tales, poems, baroque eras,

middle and far east• Tone: subjective, spontaneous, non-conformist, broke rules• Color: unrestrained, deep, rich shades, reds, lots of contrast• Subjects: legends, exotica, nature, violence, contemporary history• Genres: narratives of heroic struggle, landscapes, wild animals• Technique: quick brushstrokes, strong light and shade, contrast• Composition: use of the diagonal, unstable, chaotic, dynamic, real,

energetic brush, impact of color, elevation of contemporary and exotic subject matter, “Orientalism”, pursuit of passion,

Francisco de Goya,1746-1828 (Spanish) Family of Charles IV, 1800

• Rococo painter

• Early Court Portraits

• Court painter

• Tapestry Cartoons

• Man without and Ism”

• Velasquez “Las Meninas”, 1628

• Mockery of royalty

• Painter of the pueblo

• Ilustrado (enlightened)

Goya, Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters Los Caprichos series, 1797 - 1800

• 80 Etchings

• Satirical prints

• Public vs. private world

• Vices

Goya, They say yes and give their hand to the first comer, 1798 / You who cannot, 1798

Goya, The Disasters of War, 1810-1820Spain’s war with France

Printed 35 years after death

Goya, Executions of the 3rd of May, 1808, 1814

• French Invasion

• Madrilenos resistance

• Ferdinand VII Patron

• Resistance

• Principe Pio (hill)

• Effects of War

• Brushstroke

• Light

• Focal point

Goya, Chronos Devouring one of his children, 1820• Quinta del Sordo (Deaf’s Mans’ House)

• Black Paintings (Name by Art Historians)

Goya, Goat, 1823

• Named by his children

• Goat - devil

• Witches Sabbath

William Blake (1757-1827), Ancient of Days, 1794

• English Romantic Poet, Painter, Illustrator

• Engraver

• Engravings

• Watercolor

• Subjects

• Religion

• History

• Mythology

Blake, Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in

the Sun, 1806-9

• Satan

• Woman = Church

• Book of Revelations

• Inspired Harris Novel

• Conflict

• Sublime

Blake, America: A Prophecy, 1793

History

U.S. and France

Freedom from British Monarchy

Henry Fuseli (1741-1825), (Swiss)The Nightmare, 1781

• England• Father - Portrait

painter• Priest• Studied

Michelangelo• Fantasy, Sublime• Freud• Mara - N. Mythology• Incubus

Fuseli, Nightmare (2 versions), 1781, 1802

Fuseli, The Night-Hag Visiting the Lapland Witches, 1796from: John Milton’s Paradise Lost

Percival Delivering Belisane from the Enchantment of Urma, 1783

• King Arthur’s Knights

• Maiden

• Urma - Wizard

• Invented scene

Gericault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818-19 (French)

• “Official” Founder of movement

• Contemporary History

• French colonialists to Senegal

• Primal Emotions

• Anatomical Studies

Studies

Gericault, Insane Woman, 1822-23The Woman with Gambling Mania, 1822

England

Etienne Georget, Psychiatrist

Study of Physiognomy

Gericault, Man with Delusions 1819-22 Portrait of a kleptomaniac, 1819-22

Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1826•Student of Guerin & Gericault

•2nd Leader

•Salon shows

•Outspoken

•Byron Play

•Orientalism

• Assyrian

• Imagination

•Chaos, drama

•Heightened emotion

•Rubenite (color)

•Vignette

Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

French Revolution

Proletariat - working class

Contemporary History

Delacroix, Massacre at Scio, 1824

• Greeks Vs. Turks

• War of Independence

• Sickness & despair

• Before Massacre

Delacroix, Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi, 1827

•Emblematic

•Greek suicide

•Freedom

Romantic Landscape

•Jean Jacques Rousseau

•Cistercian Abbey

•Near Artist’s home

•Universal Spirit

•Temples

•Altarpieces

•Death/desolation

•Destruction of time

•Unity/harmony

•Sublime

Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840, German)

Abbey in the Oak Forest, 1809-10

Cloister Graveyard in the Snow, 1810

Friedrich, Wanderer, , Moonrise over the Sea, 1817•Nostalgia

•Sublime

•Moods

–Isolation

–Loneliness

•Modern Man

Joseph Mallord Turner, 1175-1851, (English)Burning of the Houses of Lord and Commons, October 16, 1834, 1835

• Abstract

• Elements

• Power

earth, fire, water, air

• Observation

• Layers of pure color

• “painterly”

Turner, Rain, Steam, and Speed - The Great Western Railway, 1844

• Technology vs. Nature

• Industrial Revolution

• Elements

• Power

• Calmness/order

• Abstract

Turner, Slave Ship, 1838

•Contemporary events

•Slaves thrown overboard

•Insurance

•Turner’s Style?

John Constable, The Haywain, 1821

• Stayed close to home

• Skying

• Teacher/Critic

• Meteorologist

• Nostalgia

• Industrialization

Constable, Hadleigh Castle, Mouth of Thames, Morning after a storm, 1829

• Decay

• Loss

• Sentimentality

Thomas Cole (1801-48), View of Mt. Holyoke, Northampton, MA, after a thunderstorm (The Oxbow), 1836

English

“Hudson River School”

East Coast

Preservation

Transcendentalism

Manifest Destiny

Moral/religious

AMERICAN ROMANTIC LANDSCAPE PAINTING

Cole, Course of the Empire, 1836

Savage

Arcadian

Consummation

Destruction

Desolation

Bierstadt, Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, 1868

Elements of Romantic landscape paintings?

Frederick Church (1826-1900), Twilight in the Wilderness, 1860

• Connecticut

• Constructed Landscape

• Student of Cole

• Travels to capture Virgin land

• Divine light

• Pre-Civil war

Church, Heart of the Andes, 1824

• Columbia

• Ecuador

• Peru

George Inness, The Lackawanna Valley, 1855

• Pennsylvania

• Signs of Invasion

• Manifest Destiny

Neoclassicism / Romanticismcompare/contrast

Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun (1755-1842), Portrait of Marie Antoinette with her Children, 1787

• Guiard and David’s Rival

• Father portrait painter

• French Royal Academy + Academy of St. Luke

• Court Painter

• 900 paintings

• Rubenite

• Personal friend of Queen

• Ideal Queen and Mother

• “Virtuous Women”

• Combat negative press

• References to deceased child

• Never publicly displayed

Vigee-Lebrun, Self Portrait 1790, Self Portrait with Daughter, 1786

• 40 self-portraits

• Artistic success

• Aristocrats

• Aligned politically with upper classes

• 12 years in exile

• Austria and Russia