MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYA - M.K MADAN KUMAR, SHAREERA RACHANA,Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College, Moodbidri
Transcript of Pranavahasrotas sr
1. COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MOOLASTHANA OFPRANAVAHA AND
RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYA BY M.K MADAN
KUMAR Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of
Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore In partial fulfillment Of the
requirements for the degree of AYURVEDA VACHASPATHIDoctor of
Medicine (Ay) IN SHAREERA RACHANA Under the guidance of
Vd.AlapatiVinodkumarM.D(Ay)Ph.D AssistantProfessor
P.G.StudiesinRachanaShareera
AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege,Moodbidri
2. Department of post graduates studies in Shareera Rachana
Alvas Ayurveda Medical College & Hospital Moodbidri,Karnataka.
2010 Angat angat sambhavasi hrudayadabhijayathe Atma vai putra
namasi sa jeeva sharadam shatam Shatayu shatavarshasi deerghamayu
avapnuhi Nakshatrani disho ratri ahascha twamabhirakshatu
3. - Ashtanga Hrudaya
4. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE
STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA DECLARATION I
hereby declare that this dissertation entitled COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
ON THE MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO
APPLIED ASPECT OF HRIDAYA is a bona-fide and genuine research work
carried out by me under the guidance of Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar M.D
(Ayu)Ph.D AssistantProfessorDept. of P.G Studies in Rachana
Shareera, Alvas Ayurveda Medical College
Moodbidri.Dr.M.KMadanKumarIIIYearP.G.ScholarDept.ofRACHANASHAREERAAlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollegeMoodbidri574227
Date: Place:Moodbidri
5. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE
STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA. CERTIFICATE This
is to certify that the dissertation entitled COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON
THE MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED
ASPECT OF HRIDAYA submittedby Dr M.K Madan Kumar in partial
fulfilment for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspathi (M.D) in Rachana
Shareera, of Rajiv Gandhi University of
HealthSciences,Bangalore,isarecordofresearchworkdonebyhimduring
theperiodofhisstudyinthisinstitute,undermyguidanceandsupervision
andthedissertationhasnotpreviouslyformedthebasistotheawardofany
degree,diploma,fellowshiporothersimilartitles.
IrecommendthisdissertationfortheabovedegreetotheUniversityfor
theapproval. Guide Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar M.D (Ayu)Ph.D
AssistantProfessorDept.ofP.GStudiesinRachanaShareera,Date:
AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollegePlace:MoodbidriMoodbidri574227
6. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE
STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA. CERTIFICATE
ThisistocertifythatthedissertationentitledCOMPREHENSIVESTUDY ON THE
MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED
ASPECT OF HRIDAYAisabonafide
researchworkdonebyDr.M.KMadanKumarundertheguidanceofVd.Alapati
Vinod Kumar M.D (Ayu) Ph.D
,AssistantProfessorDept.ofP.GStudiesinRachanaShareera,forpartialfulfilmentoftherequirementfor
the award of the degree in Ayurveda Vachaspathi(M.D) in
RachanaShareera, of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,
KarnatakaBangalore. DR. RAMA BHAT. K. M. M.D (AYU)
ProfessorandH.O.D., Dept.ofP.GStudiesinRachanaShareera,
AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege
Moodbidri574227Date:Place:Moodbidri
7. ALVAS AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE
STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA. ENDORSEMENT This
is to certify that the dissertation entitled COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON
THE MOOLASTHANA OF PRANAVAHA AND RASAVAHA SROTAS W.S.R TO APPLIED
ASPECT OF HRIDAYA is a bonafide research work done by
Dr.M.KMadanKumarundertheguidanceof Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar M.D (Ayu)
Ph.D , Assistant Professor ,Dept. of P.G Studies in Rachana
Shareera, for partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award
of the degree in Ayurveda Vachaspathi(M.D) in Rachana Shareera, of
Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,KarnatakaBangalore.
PRINCIPAL AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege Moodbidri574227
Date:Place:Moodbidri
8. COPYRIGHT I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University
of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve,
use and disseminate this
dissertationinprintorelectronicformatforacademic/researchpurpose.
Dr.M.KMadanKumar IIIYearP.G.Scholar
Dept.ofP.G.StudiesinRachanashareera AlvasAyurvedaMedicalCollege
Moodbidri574227Date:Place:Moodbidri
RajivGandhiUniversityofHealthSciences,Karnataka
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAt this jovial jiffy of elated integrate of
my work, I meekly bow my head on the feetof almighty who have
poured in me constant shore up for the liberation of crossingthis
mile stone as well as all success, progress & achievements in
my life.I am in short of words while paying my chivalrous &
affable regards to my admiredfather P.Madan Mohan Pillai mother
S.KrishnaKumari, and brotherKrishnaMohan, in whom I experience the
blessings of God, for their supports,sacrifice & encouragement
which brought me up to this stage, whose prop up,suggestion, adore
& care is the dynamic force in each & every steps of my
life.I take this opportunity to express my earnest gratitude to The
Former Principal, AlvasAyurveda College,Moodbidri,Dr Laksmeesha
Upadhyaya,for letting me disentanglethe world of Ayurveda and
explore the colossal possibilities.I put into words my deepest
feeling of admiration towards my beloved teacher &guide,
Dr.Vd.Alapati Vinod Kumar,Asst: Prof., Dept. of Rachana Shareera,
whosestirring brainwave; persistent guidance finely tuned me to
plot this murky task.Besides this, his tangy prosperity always
provided me enough courage to filch up witheach & every task. I
am short of glossary to thank my beloved respected preceptor and
honourable ,Professor & HOD Dept. of Shareera Rachana, Dr.Rama
Bhatt whose masterlysuggestions & enthusiasm at every step
which has molded, twisted, and enlightenedmy elfin work into
achievement.I bring about my authentic thankfulness to
Dr.B.N.Mishra, Prof. Dept. of ShareeraRachana, for his shrewd
direction, stanch benefaction, logical & significantsuggestion
which fictitious this activity a prolific.This study has been
pivoted under the inspirational loom and ever helping attitude ofmy
respectful and our teacher Dr G.M.Kandhi who has been the guiding
light in theproceedings by encouraging me in all the potential
ways.I convey my ingenuous gratefulness to Dr.Vinaya Chandra
Shetty, Dr.Shubhadaand former lecturer Dr.H.N Kulkarni,Dept;of
Rachana Shareera for their supportthrough out the study
duration.
10. This effort would not have been achieved without the
opportunity and supportprovided by our visionary chairman DR.MOHAN
ALVA. I endorse my respectfuland sincere thanks to him.I cannot
move further before thanking to my cherished friends
Dr.AnuprabhaDr.Deepak.D,Dr.VivekUnni,Dr.BiniUpendran,Dr.Shreekumar,Dr.JeanGeorgeDr.DeepthiBalakrishnan,
for being with me by providing honest support .It is gaffe to my
element if I wont tell thanks to my seniors Dr.Soji.,
Dr.Sukesh,andjunior Dr.Sarath Vasudev.I am very thankful to
Mr.Buba,Lab Attendant dept. of Shareera Rachana, staff ofLibrary,
Office which was very much requisite for the booming sleeve up of
thiswork.Last but not least I thank to Mr.Vijay kumar,Mr.Pradeep
Jeothi all those who have directly or indirectly contributed to the
successful completion of this notion work
11. Acknowledgement ACKNOWLEDGEMENTAt this jovial jiffy of
elated integrate of my work, I meekly bow my head on the feet
ofalmighty who have poured in me constant shore up for the
liberation of crossing this milestone as well as all success,
progress & achievements in my life.I am in short of words while
paying my chivalrous & affable regards to my admiredfather
P.Madan Mohan Pillai mother S.KrishnaKumari, and brother
KrishnaMohan,in whom I experience the blessings of God, for their
supports, sacrifice & encouragementwhich brought me up to this
stage, whose prop up, suggestion, adore & care is thedynamic
force in each & every steps of my life.I take this opportunity
to express my earnest gratitude to The Former Principal,
AlvasAyurveda College,Moodbidri,Dr Laksmeesha Upadhyaya,for letting
me disentangle theworld of Ayurveda and explore the colossal
possibilities.I put into words my deepest feeling of admiration
towards my beloved teacher & guide,Dr.Vd.Alapati Vinod
Kumar,Asst: Prof., Dept. of Rachana Shareera, whose
stirringbrainwave; persistent guidance finely tuned me to plot this
murky task. Besides this, histangy prosperity always provided me
enough courage to filch up with each & every task. I am short
of glossary to thank my beloved respected preceptor and honourable
,Professor & HOD Dept. of Shareera Rachana, Dr.Rama Bhatt whose
masterlysuggestions & enthusiasm at every step which has
molded, twisted, and enlightened myelfin work into achievement.I
bring about my authentic thankfulness to Dr.B.N.Mishra, Prof. Dept.
of ShareeraRachana, for his shrewd direction, stanch benefaction,
logical & significant suggestionwhich fictitious this activity
a prolific.This study has been pivoted under the inspirational loom
and ever helping attitude of myrespectful and our teacher Dr
G.M.Kanthi who has been the guiding light in theproceedings by
encouraging me in all the potential ways.Comprehensive Study on The
Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.R ToApplied Aspect
Of Hridaya
12. AcknowledgementI convey my ingenuous gratefulness to
Dr.Vinaya Chandra Shetty, Dr.Shubhada andformer lecturer Dr.H.N
Kulkarni,Dept;of Rachana Shareera for their support throughout the
study duration.This effort would not have been achieved without the
opportunity and support providedby our visionary chairman DR.MOHAN
ALVA. I endorse my respectful and sincerethanks to him.I cannot
move further before thanking to my cherished friends
Dr.AnuprabhaDr.Deepak.D,Dr.VivekUnni,Dr.BiniUpendran,Dr.Shreekumar,Dr.JeanGeorgeDr.DeepthiBalakrishnan,
for being with me by providing honest support .It is gaffe to my
element if I wont tell thanks to my seniors Dr.Soji.,
Dr.Sukesh,andjunior Dr.Sarath Vasudev.I am very thankful to
Mr.Buba,Lab Attendant dept. of Shareera Rachana, staff ofLibrary,
Office which was very much requisite for the booming sleeve up of
this work.Last but not least I thank to Mr.Vijay kumar,Mr.Pradeep
Jeothi all those who havedirectly or indirectly contributed to the
successful completion of this notion work.Comprehensive Study on
The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.R ToApplied
Aspect Of Hridaya
13. Abstract ABSTRACT The word Hridaya used in ayurvedic
literature means certain parts of the body other than Heart.
Thalahrid which is a Mamsamarma situated between Palmar and Plantar
aspect.1 Buddhir nivasam Hridayam mentioned by Charaka.2 Hridaya
kamalam explained in Sharngadhara Samhita is connected to
Respiratory system.3 Hridaya is also being mentioned in different
context as: Pratyanga and Kostanga. 4 5 5a One among Dasa
Pranayatana.6 Madhyama Roga marga.7 Trimarma.8 Matruja bhava.9
Functions of Heart includes coordination of shadangam, angam,
vijnanam, indriya, indriya artha, atma, chetana, chintyam depends
on activities of Hridaya.10 Hridaya and Mahasrotas for
Pranavahasrotas as well as Hridaya and Dasadhamani for Rasavaha
srotas are mentioned as the governing sites (moolasthana).11,12
This peculiarity of Hridaya playing dual role as moolasthana for
Pranavaha and Rasavaha srotas remains as a curiosity. Hence to
understand this phenomenon the above study is being
selected.Materials And Methods Source of dataComprehensive Study on
The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha StotasW.S.R To Applied
Aspect Of Hridaya Page1
14. Abstract 1. Literature related to the study from Ayurvedic
classics along with details of modern science. 2. For the present
study dissection of minimum 5 cadavers to expose the different
structures of Heart will be conductedDesign of the study Inclusion
criteria 1. Pranavaha srotas and Rasavaha srotas Exclusion criteria
1. Manovaha srotas. 2. Other Moolasthanas of Pranavaha and Rasavaha
srotas such as Mahasrotas andDasa Dhamani.Key wordsHridaya
,Moolasthana,Pranavaha srotas, Rasavaha srotas.Comprehensive Study
on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha StotasW.S.R To Applied
Aspect Of Hridaya Page2
15. AbstractComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha
And Rasavaha StotasW.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page3
16. Previous Study I. Gupta O.P Ayurvedeeya vagmaya mein
hridaya ke swaroopa evam tadsambandhi lakshanon ke tulanatmal
adhyayn (1993) Dept: of Ayurveda Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-
II. Sharma G.B Ayurveda mein varnita hridaya ek adhyayan (1988)
Shri Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Nagpur University,Nagpur III. Janaikar
Sonali Hridaya kriyon per shareerika evam bhautika shramon ka
parinama.(2004) Govt: Ayurveda Medical College,Lucknow IV. Gupta
Pankaj Concept of srotomoola in view of vis-a-vis micro
circulation.(2001) State Ayurveda College ,LucknowComprehensive
Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo
Applied Aspect Of Hridaya 1
17. Previous Study V. Mate C.V Pranavaha sroto vigyan,(2001)
IPGT&RA,Gujarat Ayurveda University Jamnagar VI. Guptya R .C
Rasavaha srotas ek vaigyanika (1994) National Institute Of
Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan UniversityComprehensive Study on The
Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect
Of Hridaya 2
18. Previous StudyComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya
3
19. CONTENTS SL.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO 01 INTRODUCTION 01-03
OBJECTIVES 02 REVIEW OF LITERATURE-1 04-37 HISTORICAL REVIEW 04-07
SROTAS 08-17 MOOLASTHANA 18 HRIDAYA 19-28 PRANAVAHA SROTAS 29-31
RASAVAHA SROTAS 32-37 03 REVIEW OF LITERATURE-2 38-133 EMBRYOLOGY
OF HEART 38-50 ANATOMY OF HEART 51-109 APPLIED ASPECT OF HEART
110-133 04 METHODOLOGY AND OBSERVATION 134-135 05 DISCUSSION
136-140 06 CONCLUSION 141 07 SUMMARY 142 DISSECTION PHOTOS
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHYComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of
Hridaya
20. Introduction INTRODUCTION Evolution of well sophisticated
and civilized human beings has been narratedin Vedic literature. In
the evolution of purusha, Upanishads have explained that fromakasha
vayu has evolved from vayu, thejas and from thejas udaka and from
udakaprithvi, and from prithvi oushadha, and from oushadha anna and
from anna purusha isdeveloped. In the universe anna has been
classified in to three types as prana vayu,Drava ahara, Ghana
ahara. These can be considered as bahya prana which areessential to
all living beings. The transport and assimilation of these bahya
pranas inside the body and theanatomical and physiological
mechanisms has been well defined in the classics byvarious acharys
in under concepts of srothus, dhatus, agni etc. Modern biologists
also explain the systemic anatomy and physiology ofmaintaining the
homeostasis for balancing the human body. Any deviation to this
hasbeen studied under antomico pathology and physio pathology of
human body asseparate branches. Ayurvedic classics explains the
same while explaining the normalfunctions, increased functions
decreased functions and vitiated functions of dosas,dhatus, malas,
agni etc. were as vitiated conditions also explains the patho
physiologyand anatomic physiologic changes in human body as dushti
laxanas of srothus and itsreasons are also explained in detail. The
concept of srothus of both the acharyas must be understood
differentlybecause the approach of acharyas is different in views
regarding the srotus. AcharyaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana
Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya
Page1
21. Introductioncharaka has a Patho physiological concept while
acharya sushrutha shares an anatopathological concept in
understanding the same. In the shastra acharyas unanimously share a
uniform opinion, so does inconsidering the moolasthana of prana
vaha and rasavaha srotus sharing a commonmoolasthana as
hridaya.Moolasthanas has also difference in opinion on its
functional entity, that is It is the prabhvasthana Sites of
dhatuparinama Sites of governing center Here an effort is made to
understand the duality of hridaya to function as amoolasthana of
two major srotus with regardance to the two acharys
ie:charakasphysio-pathological and Sushruthas anato-physiological
concept which are indeedsupported by other classical as well as the
modern understanding of applied anatomy.Comprehensive Study on The
Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect
Of Hridaya Page2
22. Introduction OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The word Hridaya used in
ayurvedic literature means certain parts of the body other than
Heart. Thalahrid which is a Mamsamarma situated between Palmar and
Plantar aspect.1 Buddhir nivasam Hridayam mentioned by Charaka.2
Hridaya kamalam explained in Sharngadhara Samhita is connected to
Respiratory system.3 Hridaya is also being mentioned in different
context as: Pratyanga and Kostanga. 4 5 5a One among Dasa
Pranayatana.6 Madhyama Roga marga.7 Trimarma.8 Matruja bhava.9
Functions of Heart includes coordination of shadangam, angam,
vijnanam, indriya, indriya artha, atma, chetana, chintyam depends
on activities of Hridaya.10 Hridaya and Mahasrotas for
Pranavahasrotas as well as Hridaya and Dasadhamani for Rasavaha
srotas are mentioned as the governing sites (moolasthana).11,12
This peculiarity of Hridaya playing dual role as moolasthana for
Pranavaha and Rasavaha srotas remains as a curiosity. Hence to
understand this phenomenon the above study is being
selected.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page3
23. IntroductionComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
Pranavaha And Rasavaha Stotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya
Page4
24. Ayurvedic Review HISTRORICAL REVIEW HRIDAYA IN VEDASVedic
period: The existence of vital organ in which life is situated
which works all through the timewas understood by people of
prevedic period and vedic period. It seems that they hadbasic
knowledge about anatomy and physiology of Hridaya.In Rig-Veda
10/164 there is information about the diseases like
Rajayakshma,Hridroga etc and there is explanation about sharira
anga pratyanga. Further in 10-25-2and 1-52-7 there is information
regarding Hridaya and its importance.In Atharvaveda there is anga
pratyanga vibhajana ullekana. Some organs areexplained as
rogadhistana where Hridaya is one among them (2/33/1-7).
Hridyota,Hridayamaya are the terms used as synonyms of
Hridroga.Explanation of sira and dhamani are found in Atharvaveda
(1/17/2-3; 7/36/2).Structure of Hridaya is simulated with
Pundareeka. There is also reference regardingKrimi, which are named
and Rakshasa, Pishaca are used to explain Adrusta Krimivivarnana is
found in Atharvaveda (12-5-7)Yajurveda : Very few references
related to medicine are found. In shuklayajurveda Balasa, Arsha,
Kusta, Hridroga etc are
mentioned,(12/75-105;19/81-93;20/5-9;25/2-9) there is reference of
Manushya and pashu shareranga.Comprehensive Study on The
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Of Hridaya Page4
25. Ayurvedic ReviewUpanishad:Katopanishath: Explains that
hridaya granthi regulate the function of heart.Brihadaaranyak
Upanishad: We get references of Pranavayu and its functions
inHridaya and also we get references, which may mimic heart
sound.Shatapata bramhana: We get explanation of various words like
aditya, stombhaga etc,which are used to explain hridaya. Hridaya is
explained in three Splitted words Hru,Da, Ya.Chandukya Upanishad:
We get explanation about structure of Hridaya
aspundarikavat.Agnipurana: Quoted that Hridaya develops from kapha,
situated in thorax, organresembles like that of lotus
bud.Amarakosha: Chitta, chet, swanta, hrit and manas are considered
as synonyms ofHridayaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya
Page5
26. Ayurvedic Review Srotas in VedaSeveral words are used to
describe word srotas in various hymns of Vedas as asrava,sira,
pantha, srotya, antreshu, dhamanya, gavini, nadi or khani and
snawani.all thesewords are predominately constituted by akash
mahabhoota.literally the word srotas isused to mean various senses.
therefore it is very important to compile the scatteredknowledge
regarding srotas in Vedas.Atharva vedaIn atharva veda, different
terms are used for srotas as,Asrava 1This term is used in the sense
of blood flow. this has the close relationship with
srotas.Antereshu and gavini2 Both these terms are used for the
sense of anna vaha srotas and mutravaha
srotasrespectively.Dhamani3Its told in atharva veda that blood
flows in the body through hundreds of dhamanies.It indicates
towards the synonyms of srotas, dhamani, sira and
nadi.Srotyah4Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha
And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page6
27. Ayurvedic Review The term srotyah shows the meaning of
vahan karma (flow or carry ortransportation) with in the srotas
because it is used in the sense of constant flow ofocean.Saptakhani
and navadwar4 Both these terms represent the external channels of
the body .former includes bothears .eyes, nostrils and mouth where
as latter has mana and buddhi too.Panth and path 5The words
represent the meaning marga (path or passage).YAJURVEDA In Shukla
yajur veda,the word nirabhi srawanti has been mentioned for srotas
hereas a synonym and physiological base srawanti and sira are uses
as srotas 6.In chant panthan word is used for marga, which is the
synonym of srotas 7.Other words are also used in yajurveda for the
meaning of srotas,viz-srutyaya,vashantyaya,pathyaya,kulyaya and
sarasyaya 8. UPANISHADSAtmopanishad 9 In this text the word srotas
is resembled with fountain or waterfall or transportationof
water.Padmapurana 10The term srotas is described in sharirotpatti
adhyaya of this antique classicComprehensive Study on The
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Of Hridaya Page7
28. Ayurvedic Review CONCEPT OF SROTAS The description about
srotas is present in ancient system of medicine. theanatomical,
physiological as well as pathological concepts about srotas are
broadlymentioned in Ayurveda samhitas.Charaka samhita:- Charak has
described many facts about srotas in meaning the structure through
whichthe SRAWANAM kriya takes place 11Sushrutha samhithaSushrutha
has described very well about the number kinds and functions of
srotas incontext of srotovidddha laxanas (symptoms of injury).as
may have been inflicted ontheir moolas.probably the mode of
approach in this case is that of surgeons. he hasmentioned eleven
pairs of srotas. Sushruta has also mentioned distinguishing
featuresof srotas from sira and dhamanies 12.Astanga
samgrahaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page8
29. Ayurvedic ReviewRegarding srotas,acharya vagbhatt has
similar opinion to acharya charak.vagbhatt hastold that there are
indefinite number of srotas in body and whole body is made of
withthe network of minute srotasas 13.Human body is made up of
srotas and and stoats are same in number as structureentity in
it.Vagbhatt mentions external and internal, two types of srotas .he
have described nineexternal and thirteen internal srotasas in his
text.Astanga hridayamSrotas are same described in astanga samgraha
except that there are three extra srotasin female. 14Bhel samhita
The descrption about srotas is found in a separate chapter in this
text but the scatteredmatter about srotas is found in many
chapters.in chikitsa sthan adhyaya 19 and 28,several synonyms of
srotas are described in number of diseases in the sense of
srotodushti(morbid state of srotas).Kashyapa samhithaKashyapa has
described about two types od srotas-sukshma and
mahan.nabhi(umbilicus) andRoma kupa (hair follicle) are included in
sukshma type of srotas where as mahansrotas are nine in number, in
which two are in lower part of body and seven are in
thehead.15Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page9
30. Ayurvedic ReviewSharangdhara samhitaSharangdhara at the
place of srotas as synonym uses the term randhra. He has toldthat
every flesh and blood has large orifices namely one in eye, nose
and ear, one inurethra, one in rectum, one in mouth and tenth is in
head. Women have three more,one each in two breasts and third in
the uterus. He has also told that innumerableminute pores are found
in the skin.16 DERIVATION OF THE TERM SROTAS The vyupatti (origin)
of term storas are described in various literatures (other
thanayurvedic) and ayurvedic literature is as follows-AMARAKOSA
According to amarakosa, srotas has been defined as stotambhu
saranam swatah.SABDHAKALPADRUMAAccording to shabdha kalpadrum the
term srotas is originated from the main root srumeaning gatau.
Sravateeti srugatau+sruiribhyam tut+cha+iti asunut cha+ swatoambu
saranamityamarahai.e. srotas is that where sravan kriya takes place
with motion .this flow is working selfwithout any
cause.VACHASPATYAM AND VEDIC SHABDHA SINDHUComprehensive Study on
The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied
Aspect Of Hridaya Page10
31. Ayurvedic ReviewAccording to both these texts, meaning of
the term srotas is conduicts,chidra and dwarof
body.CHARAKAAccording to acharya charak the term srotas is defined
as srawanat srotamsi i.e. thestructure through which srawanam kriya
takes place.Several other ayurvedic veterans and commentators have
given their owninterpretation about the derivation of srotas as
follows-1)- Chakrapani dutt: According to chakrapani duttta,the
term srawana refers to circulation of poshak dhatuand other
nutrient dhatu takes place.162)-Kaviraj gangadhara:srawanad rasadi
srawapathatwat srotansya uchyanyante3)- Kaviraj ganathsen:sravanam
syandanamAll the above interpretations reveal that passage; channel
or structure through whichthe syandanam circulation ,of poshak
dhatus takes place is srotas.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana
Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya
Page11
32. Ayurvedic Review DEFINITION OF SROTAS Acharya charak has
described the exact nature of the functions performed bysrotas.he
has defined srotas as srawanat srotamsi meaning the structure
Throughwhich the srawanam takes place.Further charak has defined
srotas as transporting passage of dhatus
undergoingtransformation.17The term srotas means channel, it is
derived from the Sanskrit root sru srawanemeaning to exudates, to
ooze,to filter and to permeate.Charak observes srotamsi serves as
ayan mukhas to both the malakhya andrsasdakhya dhatus.The nourish
the different species of sthai dhatus and requisitequantities of
appropriate nutrition.The term ayanmukhani and mala prasadkhyanam
dhatunam,the term former iscomposed of two words viz.ayan and
mukhani.ayan is derived from the root vangatou meaning to go or to
move through which movement of materials take place.18Acharya
charaks definition of srotas as srawanat srotamsi is also
similar.chakrapani dutta,in his commentary on the passage under
reference,has interpretedthe term ayanani as the place of entry.the
reference here is to the functions ofComprehensive Study on The
Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect
Of Hridaya Page12
33. Ayurvedic Reviewsrotamsi,which in his view,serve twofold
purposes viz.serve as conduits throughwhich both Prasada
dhatus(nutrient) as well as mala dhatus(waste products andproducts
of degradation) are transported and as structures through the pores
of whichPrasad dhatus and malas to and from the sthai dhatus.in
other words,the channels oftransport,entry and exit of both the
poshak dhatus and malas are not distinct anddifferent entities,that
is to say,the channels ,which serve as vehicles of transport ofboth
Prasad and mala dhatus,also serve the purpose of their egress and
ingress. Chakrapani has made a different mention of the specificity
of srotamsi.he observessrotamsi do not transport sharer dhatus but
only the dhatus which are undergoingmetabolic transformation.the
dhatus ,which are formed consecutively form the poshakdhatus ,are
the sthayi dhatus.the nutrient material of a particular dhatu does
notnourish it through a srotas other than its own,because of the
location of poshyadhatus,in different parts of the body.19Sushrutha
has excluded sira and dhamani from scope of srotas and compared
thesrotas to the fine channels present in the lotus stem through
which fluids circulate andexude.20Dalhana ,the renowned commentator
of sushrutha samhitha,has accepted in hiscommentary 9/13 that all
structures through which prana,anna,lala,rasa,rakthacirculare are
srotas. Vagbhatta has like wise compared srotases to extremely fine
passages and porespresent in the lotous stem.he observes that rasa
spreads throughout the body very finedwaras(pores) of srotamsi
which are distributed extensively in the body,very muchlike minute
channels present in the lotous stem.21Comprehensive Study on The
Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect
Of Hridaya Page13
34. Ayurvedic Review Therefore all visible and invisible
structures,having influence of akash maha bhootaand lumens ,are
srotas which transport the progressively
variabledhatus,upadhatus,malas,anna,jaja,prana,mana,shabdha etc
from one place to anotherplace in the bocy due to this srawan
kriyathey are told as srotas. PANCHA BHAUTIC COMPOSITION OF
SROTASAcharya charak says that vayu creates the gross and subtle
channels with dominanceof akash mahabhoota22Charaka describes the
development of srotas as aresult of bhedan karma done by
vyanvayu.sushrut has same opiniaon .he says taht vata with the help
of ushma(heat) makessrotas by dharan karma(splitting) 23In the
formation of srotas the constitution is panchabhutic although there
is dominace 24of akasa mahabhoota. MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF
SROTASCharak says that each srotas has colour similar to that dhatu
which is transportedthrough it.srotas may be vritta(cylindrical or
tubular).sthula or anu,dirgha(large),orpratan (reticulated) in
shape. 25 Acharya vaghbhatta also shares the same
opinion.26According to sushrut ,khani (pores) are found in the
walls of dhamanies. very muchlike the minute passages present in a
stem of lotus through which they supply rasa toall parts of the
body.27Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page14
35. Ayurvedic ReviewVagbhatta has the same idea but he uses the
term dwar instead of khani.sushruta hasfurther cited that pratan
(reticulation) of srotases are found in mamsadhara kala.27He has
further described that srotases are channels ,which have their
origin inkhadantaram i.e. an organ cavity,the hridaya for example
and spread through out thebody transporting rasadi dhatus(poshak
dhatus).sushrut exclodes sira and dhamanifrom srotas. 28On the
basis of external features srotas are limited in number, but if
they are countedseparately onthe basis of their number then
invisible srotas cannot be numerated likepranavaha, mamsavaha etc.
Srotases are innumerable.in ayurvedic classics,it isaccepted that
purush is a group of srotas,but the only principle behind it that
stoats areinnumerable TYPES OF SROTASAccording to Charaka samhitha
Srotas has the types as many as corporeal entities.without srotas
there is no 28existence of any corporeal entity. A human body is
the aggravation of srotas because of their perderves
anddiffusiveness of the agents,which aggragate and pacify all
dosas.this is nat the reasonthat which srotas belong to which they
carry,nourish and where they are situated,allthis is different from
the srotas themselves. 29 A few person state that srotas are
innumerable because they are many in numberwhere as some persons
say that srotas are innumerable.According to Sushruta
samhitha:Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page15
36. Ayurvedic Review Srotas respectively
conveyingtheprana,anna,udaka,rasa,rakta,mamsa,meda,purisha,shukra
and artava naturally fallwith in the scope of shalya tantra.many
authotities assert that the srotas areinnumerable and perform
different functions in their different aspects.According to Astanga
SamgrahaSrotas are innumerable .acharya further mentioned that
purush has nine srotas:two ineyes,nose and ears,one in mouth,in
rectum,and in urethra.Stree(female) has threemore srotas;two in
breasts and one in vagina.other srotas is the place of life,which
isthirteen in number i.e. prana,udaka,anna,dhatus,and malas
carrying passage.According to Astanga Hridaya Astanga hridaya give
the similar description as that of astanga samgraha.30In Kasyapa
SamhitaKashyapa has described about two types od srotas-sukshma
andmahan.nabhi(umbilicus) and Roma kupa(hair follicle) are included
in sukshma type ofsrotas where as mahan srotas are nine in
number,in which two are in lower part ofbody and seven are in the
head.In Sharangadhara SamhithaSharangdhara at he place of srotas as
synonym uses the term randhra.He has toldthat every flesh and blood
has large orifices namely one in eye ,nose and ear,one
inurethra,one in rectum,one in mouth and tenth is in head. Women
have three moreComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha
And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page16
37. Ayurvedic Review,one each in two breasts and third in the
uterus.he has also told that innumerableminute pores are found in
the skin.In Bhavaprakasha Samhitha Bhava prakasha has clarified
that mana,prana,anna,udaka,vata
pitta,kapha,rasadidhatu,upadhatu,mala,mutra,purisha are carried
through the passage known assrotas.srotas is infinite.in place of
srotas ,he also uses the term randhra likesharangdhara.He also
explained that purusha has ten and sthree has thirteen randhra
intheir body. 31Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha
And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page17
38. Ayurvedic Review TERM MOOLA IN CLASSIC IN MANU SAMHITHA:-
In manu samhitha,term moola is used for different meanings
likeshipha,brandhna,angari,kanda,vrindha ,jata,pada,bhakshya and
bhojya. Moola is also used as vita or dhana(money) and
karana(reason or cause)32 IN MAHABHARAT:- This term is used as
addyam (origin or starting) in mahabharat.33 IN CHARAKA SAMHITHA:-
Charaka has used this term for reference of karana or adha(reason
/cause or base)34 IN SUSHRUTHA SAMHITHA AND ASTANGA HRIDAYA:- MOOLA
word is used as a prob or tracer,director,governing center. Dosa
dhatu mala moolam hi shareeram ACCORDING TO CHAKRAPANI:- Moolamithi
prabhavasthanam In his commentary the term moola is used as origin
place.35.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page18
39. Ayurvedic Review CONCEPT OF HRIDAYAM AS AN INNATE PART OF
KOSTHA The visceral organs collectively are considered as kostha.
Susrutacaryamentioned that, amasaya , agnyasaya , pakvasaya ,
mutrasaya , rudhirasaya , Hridaya ,unduka , and phupphusa are to be
called together as kostha AS PRANAYATANA Hridaya is one of the
organs of pranayatanam. Pranayatanam is also called asjivitadhamam.
Ayatanam means resting place and dhamam means residence.These are
the resort of life. There are ten pranayatana or jivitadhama
situated in ourbody. These are murdha (head), kantha(throat),
Hridaya(Heart), nabhi (umbilicus),gudam(anus), vasti(bladder),
ojas, sukram (sperm with semen), sonitam (blood) andmamsa (muscle).
Out of these the first six organs are said to be marma.AS A
MADHYAMAROGAMARGAIn the samprapty (pathogenesis) of a disease there
are different courses of spreadingof dosas that is continuously
happening in the srotomaya deha. Three rogamargashave been
mentioned. Rogamarga means the paths of diseases or channels of
diseases.These rogamargas are- Bahyarogamarga (external path of
diseases),Madhyamarogamarga (middle path of diseases) and
Abhyantararogamarga ( internalpath of diseases). The
madhyamarogamarga (middle path of diseases) includesMurdha (head),
Hridaya (Heart), vasti (uninary bladder) & other marmas and
asthisandhi (articulations of asthi) with their related
tendons.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page19
40. Ayurvedic ReviewAS ONE AMONG THE TRIMARMA Vasti (uninary
bladder), Hridaya (Heart) and sira (head) are the most
importantthree marmas of our body. There are a total of 107 marmas
in our body. Of these thethree major marmas are considered in the
Trimarma group. The vital anatomical sights, junctions or parts of
the body are considered as Marma.Injury of any marma leads either
deformity of the body of death of the person.AS A MATRJABHAVA
Matrja means maternal. Bhava means existence or innate property.
The mrdu (soft)parts like mamsa (muscle), sonita (blooda), medas
(fat), majja (bone-marrow), Hrt(Heart) nabhi (umbilicus), yakrt
(liver), pliha (spleen), antra (intestine), guda (anus)etc. ate
matrjabhava (origin of maternal innate property). ETYMOLOGY OF
HRIDAYAM HRIDAYAM is traced to hrdi+ayam -> HRIDAYAM or hridyam.
That is this selfis in the heart. That means it is a self
controlling organ. HRIDAYA has two synonym. 1. Mahat 2. Artha. In
Atharva veda it is mentioned that, Atharva inseparably sutured
together hisHridaya (Heart) and Murdhana (Head). Vayu which is
located in the adhisiras andfrom the mastiska controls the
body.EMBRYOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HRIDAYAM (..)Comprehensive Study on
The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied
Aspect Of Hridaya Page20
41. Ayurvedic Review Hridaya is said to be a collective essence
of sonitaprasadam andkaphaprasadam. That is sonitaprasadam and
kaphaprasadam are the pureconcentrated essence of the matter of the
origin of the organ Hridaya. Hence it is saidSonitakaphaprasadajam
Hridayam.MONTHWISE DEVELOPMENT OF HRIDAYAM IN EMBRYONIC STAGE (.. )
: (..) ................ (...) : : : : (..) In the early stage of
pregnancy hridaya developes from the basis elements
ofsonitaprasadam and kaphaprasadam. In the third month of pregnancy
the five pindaka (rudiments) of arms, legs andhead are formed and
all parts of the body and their sub-divisions appear in
subtleforms. In the fourth month of conception almost all parts of
the body takes form. Inthe same month itself the garbha hridaya
(foetal heart) manifests with its own shapeand cetanadhatu becomes
very clear in it.PRESENCE OF MANDALASANDHI : (..)Comprehensive
Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo
Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page21
42. Ayurvedic ReviewHridaya contains mandalasandhis (circular
joints). It is mentioned that there areeighteen mandalasandhis
situated in Hridayaklomanadi.COLLECTION OF CETANA IN HRIDAYAM (..)
(..) The organ Hridaya is considered as the collection of caitanya
(more potential)in our body. Susruta says the Hridaya is the seat
of centana (consciousness).According to caraka Hridaya is the only
organ with the predominance of cetana(consciousness). Moreover,
Caraka says that Hridaya is the only major substratum ofojas
ANATOMY OF HRIDAYAMANGAREKHANKANAM (SURFACE MARKING)
...................... : (.. The organ Hridaya is situated in the
uras (thoracic region) and is located in the stanamadhya (between
the two breasts) occupying the urahkostham (mediastinum) near the
amasayadvaram (cardiac orifice of the stomach). AKARAM (SHAPE) (..:
) (..- )Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page22
43. Ayurvedic Review The shape of Hridaya looks like a
Pundarika. (..- )Dalhanacarya indicates that, Hridaya is one of the
siramarma and its shape is likekamalamukulam (lotus bud). The
breadth of Hridaya is measured as four angulam In the fifth month
of intrauterine life the manas (mental faculty) of the foetusbecome
very much developed. Cetana of the foetus become obvious in this
month.DASAMAHAMULAS OF HRIDAYAM : (..) The Artha ie; Hridaya has
been closely related with dasamahamula ordasamulasira. These
mahamulas support the body in many ways. Susrutacary saysthat
Hridaya is an organ of siramarma. These dasamahamulas are divided
into 24 and are nomenclatured on the basisof its directions. The
ten dhamani which are directed upwards are named asurdvadhamanis.
Ten dhamani which are directed downwards are named asadhodhamanis.
The other four dhamanis which are directed obliquely are named
astiryagdhamanis.PHYSIOLOGY OF HRIDAYAMIMPORTANCE OF HRIDAYA
FUNCTIONComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page23
44. Ayurvedic ReviewIt is explained that sadangam (head, trunk,
upper limbs and lower limbs), angam(other viscera), vijnanam
(knowledge or consciousness), indriyas (sense faculties-cognitive
and conative organs), indriyarthas (five objectives of the special
sense-sound, touch, vision, taste and smell), atma (soul),
atmagunas (qualities or attributesof atma), ceta (mind) and cintyam
(objects of mind) depend on the activities ofHridaya. Hridaya and
dasadhamani are the site of origin of rasavaha srotas . Hridayaand
mahasrotas are the site of origin of pranavaha srotas .IMPORTANCE
OF VATA, PITTA and KAPHA : (.. ) (.. ) Depending on the different
types of specific functions of tridosa, vata pittakapha have been
mentioned; the functional units VYANA VAYU, SADHAKAPITTA and
AVALAMBAKA KAPHA are situated in Hridaya for its specificfunctions.
Out of these, vyanavayu has a major role .RASADHATU AND RAKTADHATU
Rasadhatu promotes upacaya, balam , varnam , sthiti and hani . Deha
(body) is the product of ahara(food). Rasadhatu is the sarabhaga of
aharaafter digestion. Ahara is the combination of pancamahabhuta (
prithvi, ap, tejas, vayuand akasa). The chewed, swallowed, drunk
and licked types of food materials have sixdifferent tasts
(madhura, amla, lavana, tikta, usana, and kasaya) or is of two
virya (-Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page24
45. Ayurvedic Reviewusna or sita) or eight fold properties
(guru-heavy, laghu-light, snigdha- unctuous,ruksa-roughness,
hima-cold, usna-hot, mrdu-soft, tiksna sharp) and of a variety
ofother active or functional qualities. The food is fully digested
in the asaya with thehelp of pacakagni giving rise to rasadhatu.
This rasadhatu is extremely thin,attenuated in its consistency and
forms the essence of the assimilated food. Therasadhatu spreads
through the whole organism and permeates the entire body. Rasahas
its primary seat in Hridaya. Susrutacarya says that asitam
(swallowed), khaditam (chewed), pitam (drunk) andlidham (licked)
food materials are digested in proper time by pittatejas (heating
actionof pitta). Ranjakagni is one of the five pitta which is
situated in yakrt (liver) andpliha (spleen). This ranjakagni
imparts its characteristic pigment to rasa in the courseof its
circulation and thus becomes reddish in colour. The term rasa is
derived from the root rasa which means to go. That isthe dhatu
which is always continuously moving is called the rasa. : : : (.)
Rasadhatu exercise a soothing effect upon the entire human body and
tends tocontribute its attributes to the formation of rakta
(blood). Rakta gives complexion .nourishment of mamsa and
maintenance of vitality is also done by raktadhatu.CIRCULATION ( )
: :Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha
Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page25
46. Ayurvedic Review : (.) : (: )Vyanavayu plays a major role
in the function parivrtti of rasadhatu. The seat ofVyanavayu is
Hridaya (heart). Vyanavayu has an extraordinary property ie;
toperform all types of coordinated movements at the same time. This
property ofVyanavayu is mentioned in ayurveda sastra as Yugapat
sarvatah. This Yugapatsarvatah (coordinated regular rhythm) can be
considered as the all or none-lawproperty of heart..CAKRAVAT (IN
CIRCULATION) Due to the integrated function of Vyanavayu the
rasadhatu is continuouslycirculating throughout the entire body. It
is said that the all pervading(krisnadehacara) and mighty speedful
(mahajava) Vyanavayu stimulates the rasadhatufor a continuous flow
in our body. This rasadhatu nourishes all the dhatus. Circulation
of rasarakta happens due to Parivriti. This process called
parivrtti undergoes a circular manner and this ismentioned as
Cakravat Carakacarya also mentions the process Parivrtti
asSamvartamanam. I.e. cyclic rotation. Bhelacarya has indicated the
circulation of rasadhatu as mentioned above.Comprehensive Study on
The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied
Aspect Of Hridaya Page26
47. Ayurvedic Review On the basis of this cyclic rotation of
rasaraktadhatu, the function viksepa(contraction) ans samharana
(dilatation) of HRIDAYAM is collectively considered asParivrtti.
RESPIRATION AND HRIDAYAMRELATED ORGANS OF RESPIRATION . The site of
origin of pranavahasrotas and rasavahasrotas have beenmentioned in
Hridayakriyasarira chapter. Hridaya has been mentioned in both
thesrotases. The site of origin of annavahasrotas (channels
carrying annam (food andnutrients) includes amasaya (stomach) and
vamaparsvam (lungs). The mahasrotah mentioned in pranavahasrotas
and vamaparsvam mentioned inannavahasrotas have a major role in
svasakriya.IMPORTANCE OF PRANA Hridaya is depended by all
pranavahadhamanis. Pranavata has a major role inthe function of
svaskriya. It is mentioned that prana should be protected for
themaintenance of all the other vayus-udana, vyana, samana and
apana. This indicatesthat the normal state of prana is highly
essential for the harmony of body. Ifpranavayu is deviating from
its normal position then it has to be brought back tonormalcy to
maintain the integrity of the body. Otherwise pranavayu will have
anadverse influence on the ten important ayatanas (seats) if its
own. These ayatanas aresankha (temples), marmatraya (sira, vasti
and Hridaya), kantha (throat), rakta (blood),sukra (sperm including
semen), ojas (vital energy) and gudam(rectum)Comprehensive Study on
The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied
Aspect Of Hridaya Page27
48. Ayurvedic ReviewSVASAKRIYA (RESPIRATION) . In Sangadhara
samhita the above function is described in another manner.
Thepranavayu which is situated in nabhi (naval region) comes in
contact with the antaraof hrt kamala(interseptum of Hridaya). The
pranavayu flows outwards form kantha(throat) to take inside the
visnu padamrtam (oxygen). After drinking thisambarapiyusam (oxygen)
the pranavayu from nabhi again and again continues this actin a
regular manner. It is also indicated that this process supplies
energy to thejatharagni (digestive enzymes) and nourishes the whole
body. This process isapplicable in both respiration and
circulation.MIND AND HRIDAYAM ( ) ............. : ( ) ( )Sariram
(body) and sattva (mind) constitute the substrata of vyadhi
(diseases) andsukha (positive health). It has already been
mentioned in the kriyasarira chapter thatcetah i.e. citta (mind)
and cintyam (objects of mind) are included in the activities
ofHridaya. Hridaya is said to be the organ of Caitanya samgrahah
(the controller ofmind).Susruta says that the marma Hridaya is the
seat of satvarajastamas. When tamogunabegins to control the
Hridaya, then the individual falls into a deep sound sleep.
Thedosasamgraha (pathogenic factors) in the Manas (mind) are rajas
and tamasComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page28
49. Ayurvedic Review.From this explanation it is clear that
manas (mind-mental faculty) has a major role toplay in the harmony
of the dosas and the proper function of HRIDAYAM.Comprehensive
Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo
Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page29
50. Ayurvedic Review PRANAVAHA SROTASPranavaha srotas according
to Charaka samhitha Hridaya and maha srotas aare the sites of
origin of the channels carrying pranavayu36Pranavaha srotas
according to Sushrutha samhitha Channels of passage of prana vayu
are two their moolasthana are hridaya andrasavahini dhamani
37Normal functions of vata dosa in the bodyWhen vata is in normal
state it reflects in the form of
enthusiasam,inspiration,expiration,movments,normal metabolic
transformation of tissues andproper elimination of excreta
.38Functions of abnormal functions of vata dosa in the bodyThe
diminution of vata,pitta and kapha is indicated by the decrease in
their respectivenormal actions or increase in their respective
opposite acionsPoof of existence of lifeHere prana is refered to as
inspirationThe existence of life is represented byInspiration and
expirationTwingling of the eyesLifeMental perceptionComprehensive
Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo
Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page30
51. Ayurvedic ReviewShift from one object of sense organ to
another, shift from visual perception to tactileperceptionMobility
and stability of mindJourney to another country in
dreamsAnticipation in deathKnowledge of something visualised in the
right eye by the left eye etc All these are signs of a living
being(with prana)these signs are not available inrespect of a dead
bodyChakrapani comments on this as That prana and apana refers to
as inspirarion and expiration procedurePrana explained according to
Sushrutha samhitha Vayu that moves in the oral cavity it supports
the body allows the ingested foodinside the alimentary tract and
maintain the functions of prana, when vitiated it 39produces
hiccup, dysponea etcExplanation of respiration Sharangdhara
Samhitha Sharangdhara has explained that prana which is located in
the nabhi touches thestructure Hrid kamalam refered to as hridayam
to collect the Vishnupadamruth andexpelled out through the kantha
and collects the ambara peeyusha spreads all over thebodyto give
preenana and strengthns the jatara agni40 .Bahya parana and
abhyantara pranaComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha
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52. Ayurvedic ReviewThe body is supported by bahya prana and
abhyantara prana whose function is tosupport the pancha bhootakatwa
of the bodySroto dushti karanas explained Charaka samhita Prana
vaha srotas get vitiated by fasting,suppression of natural
urges,indulgence in ununctuous things,performance of excercise
ehile hungary and such other harmfulregimens.41Sroto dushti laxanas
explained by Charaka samhitha Increase or obstruction of flow of
contents of the channels appearance of nodules inthe channels and
diversion of flow of contents to improper channels- these are
ingeneral signs(results)of vitiation of channelsLine of treatment
explained by Charaka samhitha Therapies for the treatment of
vitiation of prana,are same as that of swasakriya42 Sroto viddha
laxanas explained by Sushrutha samhitha Pranavaha srotas when
injured symptoms such as cryig with pain,bending of
thebody,delusion,loss of consciousness,giddiness and tremors or
death manifest.Srotho dushti explained by charakaThe characteristic
manifestations of vitiation of the channels are too long
toorestricted,aggravated,shallow or frequent respirations
associated with sound and pain. C.S/vim/5/7-8Comprehensive Study on
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53. Ayurvedic Review RASA VAHA SROTUSRasavahasrotas according
to Charaka samhitha 43The channels carrying rasa has its
moolasthana as hridaya and dasadhamaniRasavaha srotas according to
sushrutha samhitha The channels of rasa are two in number these are
hridaya and rasavahini dhamani. 44 Circulation of rasa in the
body45 Food composed of panchamahabhootas prithvi,ap,thejas.vayu
akasa of fourkinds of ahara which composes of six tastes in
combination with two types of viryaand eight types of virya and
showing the effect of twenty gunas which will undergoing paka and
get separated as sara and kitta bhaga, the sookshma amsa of this
sarabhaga which is composed of prasada bhaga is known as
rasa.Definition of rasa 46 That which flows is explained as rasa
according to sushrutha samhitha Rasathi raso
dravadathutuchyathae;thena rudiraadeenamapi dravanaam grahanam
bhavathiAccording to chakrapani,commentary ,rasa stands for all
circulating fluids in the bodyincluding the blood. Thejobhoota
param sookshmaah sa raktharasa uchyathae 47The completely digested
essential and minutest material is called rakta rasa.Comprehensive
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54. Ayurvedic ReviewCirculation of rasatmaka ojas 48 The ten
great blood vessels connected to heart carry rasatmaka ojas ,on
which thewhole life process itself is dependent.Location of rasa 49
Thasya hdidayam sthanamThe location of rasa dhatu is mentioned as
hridaya.Importance of rasa 50Since rasa dhatu contains all the
nutrients required for the body it can be assumed thatliving body
is a product of rasa ,hence one must be carefull in protecting the
rasadhatu by proper diet,waterintake and proper behaviour.Role of
Vyana vayuVyana vayu is responsible for the movement of rasa dhatu
all over the body.Vyana vayu constantly makes rasa dhatu to get
forcefully ejected and get circulatedall over the body to perform
its function .(of providing nutrition) 51Seat of Vyana vayu 52Vyana
is located in the heart ,moves all over the body with great
speed,attends thefunctions such as
movements,expansion,contraction,upward movement,opening andclosing
of the eyelids,yawning,feeling the taste of the food,clearing of
thechannels,causing the flow of sweat and blood,bringing the male
reproductive tissue into uterus,separating the nutrient portion and
waste portion of the food and supplyingnourishment to all dhatus in
proper order.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha
And Rasavaha Srotas W.S.RTo Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page34
55. Ayurvedic ReviewRole of samana vayu and rasa dhatu 53Samana
vata goverens the process of re entry of rasa in to the
heart.Normal functions of rasa 54Rasa provides a sense of
satisfaction,nutrition and nourishment to rakta in
normalcondition.Increased functions of rasa 56Rasa undergoing
vriddhi causes excess salivation,anorexia,bad taste
inmouth,nausea,obstruction,of the channels,awersion to sweet
taste,body aches andother symptoms of increased kapha
dosa.Decreased functions of rasa57Rasa dhatu undergoing ksaya
produces inability to withstand noise ,increase of
heartrate,tremor,emaciation,pains,emptiness of
organs,pulsations,and rubbing,exhaustioneven by sight activity and
feeling of fear.Relation between rasa and raktha 58According to
sushrutha rasa even being watery attains red colour when it goes to
theliver and spleen.According to sharanghadhara samhitha dhamanis
are the structures which carry rasaand maruta(vata) in the body. 59
60Rasa vaha srotas according to CharakaHridaya and the ten vessels
are the site of origin of the rasa vaha srotas.Comprehensive Study
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56. Ayurvedic ReviewRasavaha srotas according to Sushrutha
61There are two moolasthanas explained for rasavaha srotas hridaya
and rasavahinyadhamanyah.Rasavaha srothas according to
VaghbhattaThe moolasthana of rasa vaha srothas according to
vaghbhata is hridaya and dasadhamani.Rasavaha sroto dushti
according to Charaka61The following are the conditions of vitiation
of rasa vaha srotas which is exactly sameas that of vitiation of
rasa dhatu explained in Asradha (disinclination of food) Aruchi
(anorexia) Asya vairasya(tastelessness) Arasanjatha Hrillasam(water
brash) Gowravam(heaviness) Tantram(giddiness) Jwaram(fever)
Panduthwam(anaemia) Srotho rodham(obstruction of
channels)Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
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57. Ayurvedic Review Klaibyam(impotence) Anga sadam(inability
to do things) Krishangatha(emaciation) Agni nasam(loss of digestive
power) Valayam(wrinkling) Palitham(greying of hair)Rasavaha srotho
vidha laxanas according to SushruthaWhen the moolasthanas of rasa
vaha srotas is injured it leads to sosha(emaciation) andsymptoms of
pranavahasrotas as well that is when injured symptoms such as
cryigwith pain,bending of the body,delusion,loss of
consciousness,giddiness and tremors ordeath manifestCirculation of
rasa in the bodyRasa gets ejected out of the heart moves all over
the body and there after returns tothe heart through the blood
vessels called siras ,so siras also originate in heart.62Theories
of circulationKhale kapotha nyayam (selective process)This theory
explains the autom regulation of blood flow by tissue factor.blood
flow toeach tissue is regulated depending on metabolic needs of the
particular tissue.thisexample given for the theory is that of
different pigeons ,picking up the grains fromComprehensive Study on
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58. Ayurvedic Reviewthe same feild and returning to the
original places.Here ,the choice regarding theamount of grains
purely depends on the need of individual pigeon.Kedara kulya
nyayamAccording to this theory aahara rasa reaches rasa dhatu
through rasavaha srothas.thereit nourishes rasa dhatu and attains
the charecteristis of rasa dhatu,and from there itgoes to raktha
dhatu attains the quality of raktha dhatu and then to presiding
dhatus. 63Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
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59. Modern review EMBRYOLOGY OF THE HEART 1 The heart is like
(all blood vessels) is mesodermal in origin. It is formed
fromsplanchnopleuric mesoderm lying immediately cranial to the
prochordal plate. Thismesoderm constitutes the cardiogenic area. It
is closely related to the pericardialcavity (which is derived from
part of the intra embryonic coelom).Heart is first seen in the form
of a right and left endothelial heart tubes that soon fusewith each
other. The single tube thus formed shows a series of
dilatations.These are bulbous cordis ventricle (primitive
ventricle) atrium (primitive chamber) sinus venosus The ventricle
and atrium are connected by narrow atrio-ventricular canal.
Thesinus venosus has prolongations that are refered to as it left
horns. The bulbus cordis lies at the arterial end of the heart. It
is divisible in to threeparts, i.e, proximal, middle and distal.
The proximal one third is dilated and does nothave any special
name; the middle one third is called conus and the distal one third
isknown as truncus arteriosus. The t runcus arteriosus is
continuous distally with aorticsac. The arotic sac is continuous
with right and left pharyngeal arch arteries .thesearteries arch
backwards to become continuous with the right and left dorsal
arotae.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
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60. Modern review The sinus venosus lies at the venous end of
the heart .it has right and left horns.one vitelline vein(from yolk
sac) ,one umbilical vein(from the placenta) and onecommon cardinal
vein(from the body wall)join each horn of sinus venosus.Major
developments Heart develops from the splanchnopleuric mesoderm
related to that part of theintra embryonic coelom that forms the
pericardial cavity .this mesoderm is thecardiogenic area. Two
endothelial heart tubes (right and left) appear and fuse to formone
tube .this tube has a venous end and an arterial end.A series of
dilatations appear on this tube. This is 1.bulbous
cordis2.ventricle.3.atrium.4.sinus venosus. Further subdivisions
are named as follows. the bulbous cordis consists ofproximal one
third(which is dialated),a middle one third called conus and a
distal onethird called the truncus arteriosus. The narrow part
connecting atrium and ventricle isthe atria-ventricular canal. The
sinus venosus has right and left horns. The right and left atria of
the heart are formed by the partition of the primitiveatrium. This
partition is formed by the septum primum and septum secundum.
avalvular passage, the foramen ovale ,is present between these
septa. that allows theflow of blood from the right atria to the
left atrium. The dialated proximal one third of the bulbus cordis
is, the conus, and primitiveventricle unite to form one chamber.
This portioned to form right and left ventricles.This partition is
made up of following.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
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61. Modern review 1. Interventricular septum (that grows
upwards from the floor of the primitive ventricle. 2. The bulbar
septum (that divide the conus in to two parts) 3. The gap between
these two is filled by proliferation of atria-ventricular cushions
that are formed in the atria ventricular canal.The truncus
arteriosus is continuous with the aortic sac. This sac has right
and lefthorns .each horn is continuous with six pharyngeal (or
aortic) arch arteries. Thesearteries join the dorsal aorta(right
and left).the first, second and fifth arch arteriesdisappear. the
caudal parts of the right and left dorsal aortae fuses to form one
medianvessel.The ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk are formed
from the truncus arteriosus.The arch of aorta is formed by the
aortic sac, its left dorsal aorta and partly formed thefused median
vessel.The brachiocephalic artery is formed from right horn of the
arotic sacThe common carotid artery is derived from part of the
third arch artery.The pulmonary artery is derived from sixth arch
arteryThe arteries to the gut are formed from ventral splanchnic
branches of dorsal aorta.The renal, supra renal and gonadal
arteries are formed from splanchnic drenches ofdorsal
aorta.Arteries to the body wall and limbs are derived from
dorsolateral (somaticintersegmental) branches of the
aorta.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha And
RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page40
62. Modern review The left subclavia artery is derived from
part of the seventh cervical intersegmentalartery. The right
subclavian artery is formed partly from the seventh
cervicalintersegmental artery and partly from the seventh cervical
intersegmental artery andpartly from the right fourth arch
artery.The portal vein is formed from right and left vitelline
veins and anastomoses betweenthem.The superior venacava is derived
from part of the right anterior cardinal vein and fromright common
cardinal vein.The inferior venacava receives contributions from
several veins (and anastomosesbetween them).These are right
posterior cardinal vein, the right sub cardinal vein, theright
supra cardinal vein and right hepatic cardiac channel.Comprehensive
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63. Modern review Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
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64. Modern review Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
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65. Modern review Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
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66. Modern review Further detailsThe internal surfaces of the
heart and of all blood vessels are lined by allayer offlattened
cells called endothelium. The endothelium is supported on the out
side byvarying amount of muscle and connective tissue .all
components of heart and bloodvessels i.e. endothelium ,muscle and
connective tissue are of mesodermal origin.The primitive heart
begins to pump blood through the network of vessels with theresult
that nutrition from the placenta and yolk sac can be made available
to thegrowing embryo.The heart is there fore, the first organ of
the body to start functioning.Comprehensive Study on The
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67. Modern review The heart develops the angioblastic tissue
that arises from this splanchnopleuricmesoderm.which is therefore,
called the cardiogenic area.The splanchnopleuric mesoderm lining
the dorsal side of the pericardial cavityproliferates to form a
thick layer called the myopericardial mantle(or epi
myocardialmantle).This gives rise to the cardiac muscle
(myocardium) and also to the visceral layer
ofpericardium(epicardium).the parietal layer of pericardium is
derived fromsomatopleuric mesoderm. Valves of the heartThe mitral
valve and tricuspid valve are formed by proliferation of connective
tissueunder the endocardium of the left and right atrioventricular
canals.The pulmonary and arotic valves are derived from endocardial
cushions that areformed at the junction of the truncus arteriosus
and the conus.Pulmonary valve is at first ventral to the arotic
valve. Subsequently, there is a rotationto the pulmonary valve
comes to lie ventral and to the left of the aortic valve. It isonly
after this rotation that cusps acquire their definitive
relationships.(pulmonarytrunk: one posterior, two
anterior,Aorta:one anterior ,two posterior.Conducting system of
heart At the stage when there are two heart tubes, a pacemaker
(which later formsthe Sino atrial node) lies in the caudal part of
the left tube.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of Pranavaha
And RasavahaStotas W.S.R To Applied Aspect Of Hridaya Page46
68. Modern review The atroventricular node and atrio
ventricular bundle form in the left wall ofthe sinus venosus, and
in the atrio-ventricular canal. After the sinus venosus isabsorbed
in to the right atrium, the atrio-ventricular node comes to lie
near theinteratrial septum.CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES Dextrocardia
Ectopia cordis Atresia or stenosis Abnormal growth Defective
formation of septa Combined defects-fallots tetralogy
interventricular septal defect aorta overriding the free upper edge
of the ventricular septum Pulmonary stenosis Hypertrophy of the
right ventricle OTHER DEFECTS 1. Pericardium may be partially or
completely absent 2. There may be congenital defects in the
conducting system of the heartComprehensive Study on The
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69. Modern review 3. Anomalies of the chamber 4. Transposition
of great vessels 5. Taussig-Bing syndrome 6. The superior vena cava
can end in left atriumComprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
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70. Modern review MAJOR EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CARDIOVASCULAR SYESTEM2AGE DEVELOPMENT AL EVENTS3rd WEEK Blood and
blood vessels forming cells. The cardiogenic area Heart tubes and
pericardium have formed.4th week Heart and pericardium lie ventral
to forgut Subdivisions of heart tube are visible. Heart begins to
beat Formation of septa Aortic arches start appearing in cranial to
caudal sequence. Most of the first aortic arch disappears at the
end of the 4th week Veins start forming5th week The spiral septum
is formed Formation of aortic arches is complete Lymphatic sacs
form. The cardinal, umbilical and vitelline veins are formed6th
week Conduction system of heart forms7th week Coronary circulation
is established. Atrio ventricular valves and papillary muscles are
forming. Heart septa are completely formed. Comprehensive Study on
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71. Modern review PICTURE FOETAL CIRCULATIONComprehensive Study
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72. Modern review ANATOMY OF HEARTHEARTGeneral organizationThe
heart is a pair of valves muscular pumps combined in a single organ
Although thefibromuscular framework and conducting tissues of these
pumps are structurallyinterwoven, each pump (the so-called right
and left hearts) is physiologicallyseparate, and is interposed in
series at different points in the double circulation.Despite this
functional disposition in series, the two pumps are usually
describedtopographically in parallel.Of the four cardiac chambers,
the two atria receive venous blood as weakly contractilereservoirs
for final filling of the two ventricles, which then provide the
powerfulexpulsive contraction that forces blood into the main
arterial trunks.The right heart commences at the right atrium, and
receives the superior and inferiorvenae cavae together with the
main venous inflow from the heart itself via thecoronary sinus.
This systemic venous blood traverses the right atrioventricular
orifice,guarded by the tricuspid valve, to enter the inlet
component of the right ventricle.Contraction of the ventricle,
particularly its apical trabecular component, closes thetricuspid
valve and, with increasing pressure, ejects the blood through the
muscularright ventricular outflow tract into the pulmonary trunk.
The blood then flows throughthe pulmonary vascular bed, which has a
relatively low resistance. Changes inpressure, time relations and
valvular events are described below. Many structuralfeatures of the
right heart, including its overall geometry, myocardial
architectureand the construction and the relative strengths of the
tricuspid and pulmonary valves,Comprehensive Study on The
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73. Modern review accord with this low resistance, being
associated with comparatively low changes inpressure.The left heart
commences at the left atrium, which receives all the pulmonary
inflowof oxygenated blood and some coronary venous inflow. It
contracts to fill the leftventricle through the left
atrioventricular orifice guarded by its mitral valve. Thevalve is
the entry to the inlet of the left ventricle. Ventricular
contraction rapidlyincreases the pressure in the apical trabecular
component, closing the mitral valve andopening the aortic valve,
enabling the ventricle to eject via the left ventricular
outflowtract into the aortic sinuses and the ascending aorta, and
thence to the entire systemicarterial tree, including the coronary
arteries. This vast vascular bed presents a highperipheral
resistance that, with large metabolic demands (especially the
sustainedrequirements of the cerebral tissues), explains the more
massive structuralorganization of the left heart. The ejection
phase of the left ventricle is shorter thanthat of the right, but
its fluctuations in pressure are very much greater. Because of
itscontrasting functional demands, the heart is far from a simple
pair of (structurallycombined) parallel pumps, even though the
right and left ventricles must deliver moreor less the same volume
with each contraction. The heart has a complicated,
spiral,three-dimensional organization which is markedly skewed when
compared with theplanes of the body. Terms such as left and right,
anterior and posterior, superiorand inferior, therefore, do not
always assist the descriptions of cardiac anatomy.Another potential
source of confusion is the usual study of isolated whole or
dissectedhearts, with the subsequent difficulty in relating details
to the heart as it is positionedwithin the body. The following
preliminary description emphasizes such difficultiesin order to
circumvent certain misconceptions, before proceeding to an account
ofmore detailed structure.Comprehensive Study on The Moolasthana Of
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74. Modern review The right heart, while forming the right
aspect or border follows a gentle curve andcovers most of the
anterior aspect of the left heart (except for a left-sided
stripincluding the apex). Thus the right heart forms the largest
part of the anterior surface,its outflow tract ascending until it
terminates on the left side of the outflow tract fromthe left
ventricle. The sites of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves are
widely separatedand on different planes, the flat cavity of the
right ventricle (crescentic in its section)splaying out between
them. Conversely, the left heart (except the left-sided
stripmentioned above) is largely posterior in position and when
viewed from the front isobscured by the chambers of the right
heart. The inlet to the left ventricle (containingthe mitral valve)
is very close to its outlet (the aortic valve), the two being
embracedby the wide tract linking inlet and outlet components of
the right ventricle. The planesof the left ventricular orifices,
although relatively inclined, are more nearly co-planarthan those
of the right. The left ventricular cavity is narrow and conical,
and its tipoccupies the cardiac apex. Most of the base of the heart
is made up of the left atrium.CARDIAC SIZE, SHAPE AND EXTERNAL
FEATURESThe heart is a hollow, fibromuscular organ of a somewhat
conical or pyramidal form,with a base, apex and a series of
surfaces and borders. Enclosed in the pericardium itoccupies the
middle mediastinum between the lungs and their pleural coverings.
It isplaced obliquely behind the body of the sternum and the
adjoining costal cartilagesand ribs. Approximately one-third of the
mass lies to the right of the midline.An average adult heart is
c.12 c