61 % of the world’s large carnivores are considered threatened or endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List

Panthera leo

Crocuta crocuta

Panthera pardus

Lycaon pictus

Acinonyx jubatus

Species

Mean Herd Density

(herds/km2)

Range Across

Segments

Mean Individual Density

(animals/km2)

Range Across

Segments

Puku 1.31 (1.20 - 1.42) (0.01 - 5.04) 15.87 (12.55 - 19.20) (0.02 - 376.21)

Impala 0.74 (0.72 - 0.77) (0.13 - 3.43) 6.46 (6.12 - 6.79) (0.44 - 49.48)

Warthog 0.66 (0.63 - 0.70) (0.04 - 2.68) 2.52 (2.36 - 2.68) (0.09 - 17.97)

Reedbuck 0.09 (0.08 - 0.10) (0.00 - 1.02) 0.47 (0.39 - 0.55) (0.00 - 12.66)

Common

Duiker 0.31 (0.29 - 0.34) (0.00 - 1.84) 0.36 (0.33 - 0.39) (0.00 - 2.10)

Hartebeest 0.13 (0.11 - 0.15) (0.00 - 3.32) 0.57 (0.49 - 0.67) (0.00 - 17.67)

Wildebeest 0.07 (0.06 - 0.07) (0.00 - 0.53) 0.86 (0.76 - 0.96) (0.00 - 10.30)

Roan 0.04 (0.04 - 0.05) (0.00 - 0.32) 0.33 (0.29 - 0.37) (0.00 - 4.89)

Zebra 0.03 (0.03 - 0.04) (0.00 - 0.56) 0.22 (0.18 - 0.27) (0.00 - 11.80)

Waterbuck 0.07 (0.07 - 0.08) (0.00 - 0.43) 0.26 (0.23 - 0.28) (0.00 - 1.74)

All carnivores now rely heavily on four prey species

Increase in competition

`

DECREASE INCREASE

Prey Size

SMALLER THAN

MEDIAN

11 16

LARGER THAN

MEDIAN

21 4

χ2 = 8.52, P = 0.0035

With the depletion of large prey, four smaller species are now (by far)

the most common herbivores in the ecosystem

CDC: Competition Density Connection Hypothesis

CMC: Competition Movement Connection Hypothesis

Much larger genetic differences between ecosystems for lions than for African wild dogs.

Geographic Distance: Mantel = 0.39, P < 0.001

Human Footprint: Mantel = 0.55, P < 0.001 Geographic Distance: Mantel = -0.04, P = 0.78

Human Footprint: Mantel = -0.05, P = 0.85

Correlation between Genetic Distance and: