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PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
PNGE 321 DRILLING ENGINEERING I
Lesson 1 Drilling Systems
Drilling Rigs
Drilling a Well
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Rotary Drilling Drilling Team
Drilling Rigs
Rig Power System
Hoisting System
Circulating System . . .
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Rotary Drilling – Cont’d The Rotary System
The Well Control System
Well-Monitoring System
Special Marine Equipment
Drilling Cost Analysis
Examples
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Drilling Team• Drilling Engineering Group
• Geologist / Geophysicst• Drilling Engineer• Reservoir Engineer
• Legal Group• Drilling Contractor
• Rig and Crew Provider (Toolpusher, driller, derrickman, roughnecks,etc)
• Service Companies• Specialized Services (Directional drilling, wireline, bits, testing, production
systems)
• Special Consultants • Sidetracking, coring, etc
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Fig. 1.3 - Typical drilling rig organization
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Fig. 1.4The rotary drilling process
Drilling Rigs
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Fig. 1.5Classification of
rotary drilling rigs
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Drilling Rigs
Source: Maersk
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Land Rigs• Conventional• Jack Knife Ríg• Workover Rig
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Noble Drilling’s
Scott Marks
A Jack-Up Rig
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Blue Marlin
A Semi Submersible
Rig
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Transocean’sDeepwater Champion
A Drillship
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Deep Water Development Options
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
TENSION LEG PLATFORM
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Shell’s Auger
Tension Leg
Platform
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Shell’s Bullwinkle
World’s tallest offshore structure
1,353’ water depth
Production began in 1989
45,000 b/d80MM scf/d
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
BOP STACK
GUIDE BASEMUDLINE
MARINERISER
GUIDE LINES
SLIP JOINTTo TENSIONERS
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Drilling a Well Steps in Drilling a Well Duties of Drilling Engineer Making a Connection Making a Trip Rig Selection Criteria Derrick Loading
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well1. Complete or obtain seismic, log, scouting information or
other data.2. Lease the land or obtain concession.3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best data available.4. If reserve estimates show payout, proceed with well.5. Obtain permits from conservation/ national authority.6. Prepare drilling and completion program.7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or combination from
selected drilling contractors based on drilling program.8. If necessary, modify program to fit selected contractor
equipment.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d9. Construct road, location/platforms and other marine
equipment necessary for access to site. 10. Gather all personnel concerned for meeting prior to
commencing drilling (pre-spud meeting)11. If necessary, further modify program.12. Drill well. 13. Move off contractor if workover unit is to complete the well.14. Complete well.15. Install surface facilities.16. Analysis of operations with concerned personnel.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Drilling OperationsField Engineers, Drilling ForemenA. Well planning prior to SPUDB. Monitor drilling operationsC. After drilling, review drilling results and recommend
future improvements - prepare report.D. General duties.
What are the well requirements?- Objectives, safety, cost
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Components of a rotary rig• Power system• Hoisting system• Fluid circulating system• Rotary system• Well control system• Well monitoring system
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Power system• Necessary for hoisting and fluid circulating system• Power requirement of a rig: 1000-3000 hp• Internal-combustion diesel engines
• Diesel-electric type• Direct-drive type (low cost)
• Performance characteristics (output horsepower, torque, and fuel consumption for various engine speed)
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Fig. 1.13 Engine power
output
P = F . V
Power = Force * Velocity
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE OF VARIOUS FUELS
Fuel Type
Density (lbm/gal)
Heating Value (Btu/lbm)
Diesel gasoline butane methane
7.2 6.6 4.7 ---
19,000 20,000 21,000 24,000
Be careful, when using units (SI or Field units) !!!
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200 rpm. If the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr, what is the output power and overall efficiency of the engine?
Solution: The angular velocity, , is given by
= 2 (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.)The power output can be computed using Eq.1.1
hp5.397/hplbf/min-ft 33,000
lbf/min-ft (1,740) 7,539.8T P
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000 Btu/lbm (Table 1.1). Thus, the fuel consumption rate w f is:
wf = 3.78 lbm/min.
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given by Eq. 1.2:
minutes 60hour 1 lbm/gal) (7.2gal/hr 31.5 w f
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Qi = w f H
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200rpm given by Eq. 1.3 is
lbf/min/hp-ft 33,000
lbf/Btu-ft 779lbm19,000Btu/lbm/min 3.78iQ
Efficiency = (Power Out / Power in)
23.4%or 0.2341695.4
397.5
it Q
PE
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Hoisting system• Provides lowering or raising strings (drillpipe, drill collar,
casing, etc.) into or out of the hole.• Main components
• Derrick and substructure• Block and tackle• Drawworks
• Routine operations• Making a connection• Making a trip
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Makinga
Connection
Makinga
Trip
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Making a mouse hole connection
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCCMaking a mouse hole connection - cont’d
Single Added.
Ready to Drill
Moving Kelly to Single in Mousehole
Stabbing the Pipe
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Use Elevators
fortripping
Making a trip
Put Kelly in Rathole
Why trip?
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCCMaking a trip - cont’d
Tripping one stand at a time
60-90 ft
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Criteria for determining depth limitation
Derrick Drawworks Mud Pumps Drillstring Mud System Blowout Preventer Power Plant
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Block and Tackle
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
T W
• FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System
T = WLD = 2W (no friction in sheave)
T W
W W
2W
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
W = 4 T T = W/4
LD = 6 T = 6 W/4W
n2nLD
n = numberof lines
W = weight(hook load)
LD = load on derrick
Assuming no friction• FIG 1-2 Block and Tackle System
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Example 1.1(no friction)
The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8-inch casing for a deep well is determined to be 400,000 lbs. Since this will be the heaviest casing string run, the maximum mast load must be calculated. Assuming that 10 lines run between the crown and the traveling blocks and neglecting buoyancy effects, calculate the maximum load.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution:The tension, T, will be distributed equally between the 10 lines. Therefore,
T = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbfThe tension in the fast line and dead line will also be 40,000 lbf, so the total load is
40,000 X 12 = 480,000 lbf
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution, cont.Example 1.1 demonstrates two additional points.
1. The marginal decrease in mast load decreases with additional lines.
2. The total mast load is always greater than the load being lifted.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
A Rotary Rig Hoisting System
Source: Harriot Watt Unv.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Projection of Drilling Lines on
Rig Floor
TOTAL
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Load on Derrick(considering friction in sheaves)
Derrick Load = Hook Load + Fast Line Load + Dead Line Load
Fd = W + Ff + Fs
F WWE n
Wn
E E nE n
Wd
=
1
E = overall efficiency, e.g., E = en = 0.98n
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Example 1.2
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power to the block and tackle system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block and traveling block. Calculate
1. The static tension in the fast line when upward motion is impending,2. the maximum hook horsepower available,
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Example 1.2, cont.3. the maximum hoisting speed,4. the actual derrick load,5. the maximum equivalent derrick load, and,6. the derrick efficiency factor.
Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown in Fig. 1.17.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as 0.841 in Table 1.2. The tension in the fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.
Tension in the Fast Line,
lbnE
WF 590,448*841.0
000,300
( 0.988 = 0.851 )
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution2. The maximum hook horsepower available is
Ph = Epi = 0.841(500) = 420.5 hp.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution
3. The maximum hoisting speed is given by
vPWb
h
hp
ft - lbf / minhp
300,000 lbf = 46.3 ft / min
420 533 000
.,
P = F . v
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution to 3., cont.To pull a 90-ft stand would require
t 90
1 9 ft
46.3 ft / min . min.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution 4. The actual derrick load is given by Eq.1.8b:
FE EnEn
Wd
1
=1 + 0.841 + 0.841(8)
0.841(8)(300,000)
= 382,090 lbf.
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution
5. The maximum equivalent load is given by Eq.1.9:
4*de DLLF F
lbfF
Wn
nF
de
de
000,450
000,300*8
484
nW
4WFDLL
Wn44nFDLL
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Solution 6. The derrick efficiency factor is:
000,450090,382
FFE
de
dd
84.9% or 849.0E d
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC
Drawworks
• Hoisting and breaking power• Main parts
• Drum• Brakes
• hydrodynamic type• electromagnetic type
• Transmission (changing direction and speed of traveling block)
• Catheads• Friction cathead (lifting or moving equipment)• Tongs
PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC