PNGE 321 Drilling Engineering 01

PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCC

PNGE 321 DRILLING ENGINEERING I

Lesson 1 Drilling Systems

Drilling Rigs

Drilling a Well


Rotary Drilling Drilling Team

Drilling Rigs

Rig Power System

Hoisting System

Circulating System . . .


Rotary Drilling – Cont’d The Rotary System

The Well Control System

Well-Monitoring System

Special Marine Equipment

Drilling Cost Analysis

Examples


Drilling Team• Drilling Engineering Group

• Geologist / Geophysicst• Drilling Engineer• Reservoir Engineer

• Legal Group• Drilling Contractor

• Rig and Crew Provider (Toolpusher, driller, derrickman, roughnecks,etc)

• Service Companies• Specialized Services (Directional drilling, wireline, bits, testing, production

systems)

• Special Consultants • Sidetracking, coring, etc


Fig. 1.3 - Typical drilling rig organization


Fig. 1.4The rotary drilling process

Drilling Rigs


Fig. 1.5Classification of

rotary drilling rigs


Drilling Rigs

Source: Maersk


Land Rigs• Conventional• Jack Knife Ríg• Workover Rig


Noble Drilling’s

Scott Marks

A Jack-Up Rig


Blue Marlin

A Semi Submersible

Rig


Transocean’sDeepwater Champion

A Drillship


Deep Water Development Options


TENSION LEG PLATFORM


Shell’s Auger

Tension Leg

Platform


Shell’s Bullwinkle

World’s tallest offshore structure

1,353’ water depth

Production began in 1989

45,000 b/d80MM scf/d


BOP STACK

GUIDE BASEMUDLINE

MARINERISER

GUIDE LINES

SLIP JOINTTo TENSIONERS


Drilling a Well Steps in Drilling a Well Duties of Drilling Engineer Making a Connection Making a Trip Rig Selection Criteria Derrick Loading


Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well1. Complete or obtain seismic, log, scouting information or

other data.2. Lease the land or obtain concession.3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best data available.4. If reserve estimates show payout, proceed with well.5. Obtain permits from conservation/ national authority.6. Prepare drilling and completion program.7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or combination from

selected drilling contractors based on drilling program.8. If necessary, modify program to fit selected contractor

equipment.


Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d9. Construct road, location/platforms and other marine

equipment necessary for access to site. 10. Gather all personnel concerned for meeting prior to

commencing drilling (pre-spud meeting)11. If necessary, further modify program.12. Drill well. 13. Move off contractor if workover unit is to complete the well.14. Complete well.15. Install surface facilities.16. Analysis of operations with concerned personnel.


Drilling OperationsField Engineers, Drilling ForemenA. Well planning prior to SPUDB. Monitor drilling operationsC. After drilling, review drilling results and recommend

future improvements - prepare report.D. General duties.

What are the well requirements?- Objectives, safety, cost


Components of a rotary rig• Power system• Hoisting system• Fluid circulating system• Rotary system• Well control system• Well monitoring system


Power system• Necessary for hoisting and fluid circulating system• Power requirement of a rig: 1000-3000 hp• Internal-combustion diesel engines

• Diesel-electric type• Direct-drive type (low cost)

• Performance characteristics (output horsepower, torque, and fuel consumption for various engine speed)


Fig. 1.13 Engine power

output

P = F . V

Power = Force * Velocity


TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE OF VARIOUS FUELS

Fuel Type

Density (lbm/gal)

Heating Value (Btu/lbm)

Diesel gasoline butane methane

7.2 6.6 4.7 ---

19,000 20,000 21,000 24,000

Be careful, when using units (SI or Field units) !!!


Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200 rpm. If the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr, what is the output power and overall efficiency of the engine?

Solution: The angular velocity, , is given by

= 2 (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.)The power output can be computed using Eq.1.1

hp5.397/hplbf/min-ft 33,000

lbf/min-ft (1,740) 7,539.8T P


Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000 Btu/lbm (Table 1.1). Thus, the fuel consumption rate w f is:

wf = 3.78 lbm/min.

The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given by Eq. 1.2:

minutes 60hour 1 lbm/gal) (7.2gal/hr 31.5 w f


Qi = w f H

Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200rpm given by Eq. 1.3 is

lbf/min/hp-ft 33,000

lbf/Btu-ft 779lbm19,000Btu/lbm/min 3.78iQ

Efficiency = (Power Out / Power in)

23.4%or 0.2341695.4

397.5

it Q

PE


Hoisting system• Provides lowering or raising strings (drillpipe, drill collar,

casing, etc.) into or out of the hole.• Main components

• Derrick and substructure• Block and tackle• Drawworks

• Routine operations• Making a connection• Making a trip


Makinga

Connection

Makinga

Trip


Making a mouse hole connection

PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCCMaking a mouse hole connection - cont’d

Single Added.

Ready to Drill

Moving Kelly to Single in Mousehole

Stabbing the Pipe


Use Elevators

fortripping

Making a trip

Put Kelly in Rathole

Why trip?

PNGE 321 – Drilling Engineering I METU - NCCMaking a trip - cont’d

Tripping one stand at a time

60-90 ft


Criteria for determining depth limitation

Derrick Drawworks Mud Pumps Drillstring Mud System Blowout Preventer Power Plant


Block and Tackle


T W

• FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System

T = WLD = 2W (no friction in sheave)

T W

W W

2W


W = 4 T T = W/4

LD = 6 T = 6 W/4W

n2nLD

n = numberof lines

W = weight(hook load)

LD = load on derrick

Assuming no friction• FIG 1-2 Block and Tackle System


Example 1.1(no friction)

The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8-inch casing for a deep well is determined to be 400,000 lbs. Since this will be the heaviest casing string run, the maximum mast load must be calculated. Assuming that 10 lines run between the crown and the traveling blocks and neglecting buoyancy effects, calculate the maximum load.


Solution:The tension, T, will be distributed equally between the 10 lines. Therefore,

T = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbfThe tension in the fast line and dead line will also be 40,000 lbf, so the total load is

40,000 X 12 = 480,000 lbf


Solution, cont.Example 1.1 demonstrates two additional points.

1. The marginal decrease in mast load decreases with additional lines.

2. The total mast load is always greater than the load being lifted.


A Rotary Rig Hoisting System

Source: Harriot Watt Unv.


Projection of Drilling Lines on

Rig Floor

TOTAL


Load on Derrick(considering friction in sheaves)

Derrick Load = Hook Load + Fast Line Load + Dead Line Load

Fd = W + Ff + Fs

F WWE n

Wn

E E nE n

Wd

=

1

E = overall efficiency, e.g., E = en = 0.98n


Example 1.2

A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks can provide an input power to the block and tackle system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines are strung between the crown block and traveling block. Calculate

1. The static tension in the fast line when upward motion is impending,2. the maximum hook horsepower available,


Example 1.2, cont.3. the maximum hoisting speed,4. the actual derrick load,5. the maximum equivalent derrick load, and,6. the derrick efficiency factor.

Assume that the rig floor is arranged as shown in Fig. 1.17.


Solution1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as 0.841 in Table 1.2. The tension in the fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.

Tension in the Fast Line,

lbnE

WF 590,448*841.0

000,300

( 0.988 = 0.851 )


Solution2. The maximum hook horsepower available is

Ph = Epi = 0.841(500) = 420.5 hp.


Solution

3. The maximum hoisting speed is given by

vPWb

h

hp

ft - lbf / minhp

300,000 lbf = 46.3 ft / min

420 533 000

.,

P = F . v


Solution to 3., cont.To pull a 90-ft stand would require

t 90

1 9 ft

46.3 ft / min . min.


Solution 4. The actual derrick load is given by Eq.1.8b:

FE EnEn

Wd

1

=1 + 0.841 + 0.841(8)

0.841(8)(300,000)

= 382,090 lbf.


Solution

5. The maximum equivalent load is given by Eq.1.9:

4*de DLLF F

lbfF

Wn

nF

de

de

000,450

000,300*8

484

nW

4WFDLL

Wn44nFDLL


Solution 6. The derrick efficiency factor is:

000,450090,382

FFE

de

dd

84.9% or 849.0E d


Drawworks

• Hoisting and breaking power• Main parts

• Drum• Brakes

• hydrodynamic type• electromagnetic type

• Transmission (changing direction and speed of traveling block)

• Catheads• Friction cathead (lifting or moving equipment)• Tongs

PNGE 321 Drilling Engineering 01

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