Pes

ts a

nd P

estic

ides

Cha

pter

7

Pes

ts a

nd E

cosy

stem

s

•P

ests

are

unw

ante

d pl

ants

(w

eeds

) or

an

imal

s (v

ecto

rs)

•T

he m

ost c

omm

on ty

pe o

f vec

tors

are

in

sect

s (a

rthr

opod

s) a

nd r

oden

ts•

Ove

rpop

ulat

ion,

pov

erty

, and

lack

of

sani

tatio

n pr

ovid

e op

port

uniti

es fo

r ve

ctor

-bo

rne

dise

ases

•G

loba

l war

min

g an

d re

sist

ance

mak

e co

ntro

l of d

isea

se-c

arry

ing

vect

ors

diffi

cult

Art

hrop

ods

•A

rthr

opod

s –

Join

ted

appe

ndag

es–

Exo

skel

eton

–S

egm

ente

d bo

dies

•In

clud

es in

sect

s an

d ar

achn

ids

Inse

cts

•In

clud

es a

nts,

bee

s, w

asps

, ter

mite

s, fl

ies,

m

osqu

itoes

, coc

kroa

ches

, fle

as, l

ice,

bed

bu

gs, a

nd k

issi

ng b

ugs

•T

hree

seg

men

ts (

head

, tho

rax,

abd

omen

)•

Mou

th, a

nten

nae,

and

eye

s•

Car

ry p

atho

gens

on

the

body

or

in th

e di

gest

ive

trac

t•

Pas

s th

roug

h co

mpl

ete

or in

com

plet

e m

etam

orph

osis

Flie

s

•T

hous

ands

of s

peci

es•

Lay

eggs

on

garb

age

and

man

ure

•T

hey

hatc

h an

d re

ach

the

mat

ure

stag

e in

1–

2 w

eeks

•In

sert

Fig

. 7-1

her

e

Typ

es o

f Flie

s

No

nb

itin

g:

ho

use

flie

sF

eed

on w

aste

m

ater

ials

May

pic

k up

pat

hoge

ns

for

salm

onel

la,

chol

era,

dys

ente

ry,

typh

oid,

hoo

kwor

m,

pinw

orm

, and

w

hipw

orm

Bit

ing

: b

lack

flie

s,

dee

r fl

ies,

san

d f

lies,

h

ors

e fl

ies,

sta

ble

fl

ies

Req

uire

a b

lood

mea

lC

arry

blo

odbo

rne

dise

ases

suc

h as

A

fric

an s

leep

ing

sick

ness

, dee

rfly

fe

ver,

and

Afr

ican

eye

w

orm

dis

ease

Con

trol

of F

lies

•K

eep

flies

aw

ay f

rom

food

•S

cree

n po

rche

s an

d pa

tios

•C

over

ope

n co

ntai

ners

of t

rash

•R

emov

e tr

ash

at le

ast t

wic

e pe

r w

eek

•U

se s

ticky

fly

strip

s

Mos

quito

es

•30

0 sp

ecie

s w

orld

wid

e•

Hou

se m

osqu

itoes

(C

ulex

) ca

rry

ence

phal

itis

•A

edes

aeg

ypti

carr

y ye

llow

feve

r•

Asi

an T

iger

mos

quito

es (

Aed

es

albo

pict

us)

carr

y de

ngue

feve

r,

ence

phal

itis,

yel

low

feve

r, a

nd W

est N

ile

•A

noph

eles

mos

quito

es c

arry

mal

aria

Con

trol

of M

osqu

itoes

•M

osqu

ito e

ggs

turn

to a

dults

in 5

day

s•

The

fem

ale

mos

quito

es r

equi

re a

blo

od

mea

l•

Dra

in s

tagn

ant w

ater

from

ditc

hes

•R

emov

e tr

ash

cans

, flo

wer

pot

s, w

adin

g po

ols,

bird

bat

hs, p

et d

ishe

s, c

logg

ed

gutte

rs, a

nd o

ther

item

s th

at m

ay c

onta

in

stag

nant

wat

er•

Mos

quito

trap

s an

d “d

unks

” ca

n be

use

d

Con

trol

of M

osqu

itoes

(co

ntin

ued)

•W

hen

outd

oors

(es

peci

ally

dur

ing

daw

n or

du

sk)

wea

r D

EE

T r

epel

lent

–S

peci

al p

reca

utio

ns a

pply

for

child

ren

•D

o no

t wea

r pe

rfum

e, h

air

spra

y, o

r de

odor

ant

•S

tay

away

fro

m tr

ees,

bus

hes,

or

high

gr

ass

•W

ear

long

-sle

eved

shi

rts

and

long

pan

ts

Coc

kroa

ches

•A

mer

ican

(P

erip

lane

ta a

mer

ican

a)–

Als

o kn

own

as P

alm

etto

bug

s or

“w

ater

bug

s”–

Bro

wn

to r

eddi

sh b

row

n

•G

erm

an (

Bla

ttella

ger

man

ica)

–P

ale

yello

wis

h br

own

with

dar

k br

own

strip

es

on th

e he

ad

•O

rient

al (

Bla

tte o

rient

ales

)–

Dar

k br

own

or b

lack

, “se

wer

roa

ches

”

Roa

ch C

ontr

ol

•60

0 da

ys fr

om e

gg to

adu

lt•

Pre

fer

dark

, moi

st e

nviro

nmen

ts•

Hid

e in

cra

cks

and

crev

ices

•F

eed

on m

anur

e, d

ecay

ed fo

od, g

lue,

etc

.•

Car

ry d

isea

se o

n bo

dy o

r in

inte

stin

es•

Agg

rava

te a

llerg

ies

in in

fant

s an

d yo

ung

child

ren

•K

eep

food

in c

onta

iner

s, w

ipe

up c

rum

bs, k

eep

kitc

hen

and

bath

room

are

as, d

ry, s

eal c

rack

s

Fle

as

•F

rom

an

egg

to a

dult

with

in 3

–4 w

eeks

•C

arry

pat

hoge

ns (

plag

ue, t

yphu

s, tu

lare

mia

, sa

lmon

ello

sis)

•G

ain

acce

ss to

hum

ans

thro

ugh

pets

or

verm

in

(rat

s, p

rairi

e do

gs, c

hipm

unks

, and

squ

irrel

s)

Fle

a C

ontr

ol

•K

eep

gras

s m

owed

sho

rt•

Bat

he a

nim

als

in s

umm

er m

onth

s an

d ch

eck

for

fleas

•T

reat

infe

sted

ani

mal

s w

ith fl

ea p

owde

r or

fle

a sp

ray

Lice

•La

y eg

gs o

n ha

ir or

ski

n•

Egg

s ha

tch

and

beco

me

adul

ts in

10

days

•F

eed

on h

uman

s fo

r 30

day

s•

Thr

ee ty

pes:

hea

d, b

ody,

and

cra

b•

Tra

nsm

itted

by

infe

cted

clo

thin

g, h

air

brus

hes,

or

dire

ct c

onta

ct w

ith a

per

son

carr

ying

lice

Con

trol

of L

ice

•R

epor

t an

infe

stat

ion

imm

edia

tely

•Q

wel

l and

oth

er m

edic

ated

sha

mpo

os a

re

avai

labl

e•

Nits

mus

t be

rem

oved

from

the

hair

shaf

t•

Was

h cl

othi

ng in

hot

wat

er•

Put

item

s th

at c

anno

t be

was

hed

(stu

ffed

anim

als,

etc

.) in

gar

bage

bag

s w

ith th

e ai

r sq

ueez

ed o

ut fo

r se

vera

l day

s

Bed

bugs

•S

even

spe

cies

•F

eed

on h

uman

s an

d w

arm

-blo

oded

an

imal

s at

nig

ht•

Do

not c

arry

dis

ease

s, b

ut m

ake

itchy

w

elts

•C

an li

ve u

p to

a y

ear

with

out a

blo

od

feed

ing

Kis

sing

Bug

s

•F

ound

prim

arily

in M

exic

o, C

entr

al

Am

eric

a, S

outh

Am

eric

a, a

nd s

outh

ern

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

•C

arrie

d by

rod

ents

, arm

adill

os, a

nd

opos

sum

s•

Car

ries

the

prot

ozoa

n pa

rasi

te

Try

pano

som

a cr

uizi

•M

ay c

ause

sev

ere

infla

mm

atio

n, p

aral

ysis

, an

d de

ath

in s

ome

peop

le

Fire

Ant

s

•F

our

spec

ies

(red

, bla

ck, S

outh

ern,

and

T

ropi

cal)

•Li

ve in

larg

e co

loni

es in

dom

e-sh

aped

m

ound

s•

Can

stin

g se

vera

l tim

es•

The

bite

s ar

e pa

infu

l and

som

e m

ay

deve

lop

an a

llerg

ic r

eact

ion

Con

trol

of F

ire A

nts

•T

hey

repr

oduc

e ra

pidl

y•

Pou

r bo

iling

wat

er o

n th

e m

ound

, or

use

fire

ant b

ait o

r gr

anul

ar in

sect

icid

es•

The

pho

rid fl

y ca

n be

use

d to

dec

apita

te

fire

ants

Bee

s an

d W

asps

•B

ees,

yel

low

jack

ets,

hor

nets

, and

was

ps

do n

ot c

arry

dis

ease

s•

Som

e pe

ople

are

alle

rgic

to th

em•

Inse

ctic

ides

sho

uld

be u

sed

at n

ight

•W

ear

prot

ectiv

e cl

othi

ng (

hat,

long

pan

ts,

long

-sle

eved

shi

rt, n

ettin

g)•

Fla

shlig

hts

attr

act t

hem

Ter

mite

s

•C

ause

sev

ere

dest

ruct

ion

to w

ood

as n

oted

by

“mud

tube

s”•

Hav

e a

term

ite in

spec

tion

befo

re p

urch

asin

g a

hom

e•

Use

dec

orat

ive

woo

d ch

ips

and

mul

ch s

parin

gly

in th

e ya

rd•

Sto

re fi

rew

ood,

lum

ber,

and

oth

er w

ood

debr

is

away

from

the

hous

e•

Kee

p m

oist

ure

away

fro

m th

e fo

unda

tion

•E

limin

ate

woo

d co

ntac

t with

the

grou

nd

Ara

chni

ds

•In

clud

es s

pide

rs, t

aran

tula

s, ti

cks,

mite

s,

and

scor

pion

s•

Are

car

nivo

res

•H

ave

one

or tw

o m

ain

segm

ents

: ce

phal

otho

rax

and

abdo

men

•N

o an

tenn

ae o

r w

ings

•E

ight

legs

, mul

tiple

eye

s, b

ookl

ungs

, pe

dipa

lp, c

helic

erae

Spi

ders

and

Tar

antu

las

•T

he b

row

n re

clus

e sp

ider

is m

ore

activ

e at

ni

ght

–T

he b

ite c

an b

e cy

toto

xic

•T

he b

lack

wid

ow s

pide

r–

The

rea

ctio

n de

pend

s on

th

e ar

ea o

f the

bod

y bi

tten

and

sens

itivi

ty to

th

e ve

nom

Con

trol

of S

pide

rs

•M

ost a

re h

arm

less

•

Rem

ove

old

rotti

ng w

ood

and

dam

p ar

eas

Tic

ks

•H

ard

ticks

(do

g tic

ks, w

ood

ticks

, and

dee

r tic

ks)

and

soft

ticks

(fo

wl t

ick

and

rela

psin

g fe

ver

tick)

•T

hree

vis

ible

com

pone

nts:

pal

ps,

chel

icer

ae, a

nd h

ypos

tom

e

Con

trol

of T

icks

•T

icks

are

kno

wn

for

thei

r di

seas

e-ca

rryi

ng

capa

city

•T

icks

like

gra

ssy

and

woo

ded

area

s•

Kee

p gr

ass

cut s

hort

•W

ear

long

-sle

eved

shi

rts,

long

pan

ts, a

nd

hats

Mite

s

•D

evel

op fr

om e

ggs

to a

dults

with

in 2

–3

wee

ks•

Can

be

vect

ors

for

scru

b ty

phus

, ric

ketti

al

dise

ases

, hem

orrh

agic

feve

r, a

nd

ence

phal

itis

•S

cabi

es b

urro

w u

nder

the

skin

•T

rans

mitt

ed b

y di

rect

con

tact

or

anim

als

(bird

s an

d ro

dent

s)•

Kee

p th

e ho

me

clea

n an

d va

cuum

ed

Sco

rpio

ns

•V

enom

ous

crea

ture

s fo

und

near

ly

ever

ywhe

re•

Not

all

are

dead

ly•

The

ven

om p

rodu

ces

seve

re p

ain,

sw

ellin

g, d

iffic

ultie

s in

bre

athi

ng, m

uscl

e tw

itchi

ng, a

nd c

onvu

lsio

ns•

Live

up

to 3

–5 y

ears

•T

hey

build

nes

ts in

mul

ch a

nd w

oodp

iles

Rod

ents

•M

amm

als

with

teet

h an

d ja

ws

for

gnaw

ing

•V

ery

dest

ruct

ive

•M

ost a

ctiv

e at

nig

ht•

The

y go

whe

re th

ere

is fo

od•

The

y ca

n be

trap

ped

or p

oiso

ned

Mic

e

•T

he h

ouse

mou

se (

Mus

mus

culu

s)

prod

uce

5–10

litte

rs p

er y

ear

•T

he d

eer

mou

se (

Per

omys

cus

man

icul

atis

) is

kno

wn

to c

arry

the

hant

a vi

rus

Rat

s

•R

oof r

at o

r bl

ack

rat (

Rat

tus

rattu

s)•

Nor

way

rat

or

brow

n ra

t (R

attu

s no

rveg

icus

)•

Rat

s re

ach

sexu

al m

atur

ity 3

–5 m

onth

s af

ter

they

are

bor

n an

d ca

n ha

ve 4

–6 li

tters

per

yea

r•

Rat

s ca

n ge

t jus

t abo

ut a

nyw

here

and

thriv

e w

here

ther

e is

gar

bage

and

poo

r sa

nita

tion

•T

hey

carr

y di

seas

es li

ke p

lagu

e, r

icke

ttsia

l pox

, m

urin

e ty

phus

, rat

bite

feve

r, la

ssa

feve

r,

salm

onel

losi

s, a

nd tr

ichi

nosi

s

Pes

ticid

es

•In

clud

e:–

Inse

ctic

ides

–F

ungi

cide

s–

Her

bici

des

–A

scar

icid

es–

Rod

entic

ides

•F

ive

prin

cipa

l cla

sses

of

pes

ticid

es:

–O

rgan

ochl

orin

es–

Org

anop

hosp

hate

s–

Car

bam

ates

–P

yret

hroi

ds–

Phe

noxy

her

bici

des

Pes

ticid

e C

ontr

over

sy

•T

hey

have

har

mfu

l effe

cts

on b

irds,

fish

, an

imal

s, a

nd h

uman

s•

The

re a

re lo

ng-t

erm

effe

cts

with

rep

eate

d ex

posu

re in

pla

nts

that

man

ufac

ture

the

pest

icid

es a

nd th

ose

who

use

them

–F

arm

wor

kers

–A

eria

l cro

p-du

stin

g pi

lots

–P

rofe

ssio

nal p

est c

ontr

ol w

orke

rs•

Pes

ticid

es a

re e

spec

ially

har

mfu

l to

child

ren

DD

T a

nd A

gent

Ora

nge

•D

DT

was

use

d du

ring

WW

II to

kill

m

osqu

itoes

, bod

y lic

e, a

nd o

ther

dis

ease

-ca

rryi

ng v

ecto

rs•

Age

nt O

rang

e (2

,4,5

-T)

was

use

d in

the

Vie

tnam

war

as

a de

folia

nt–

The

mos

t har

mfu

l age

nt w

as d

ioxi

n

•B

oth

DD

T a

nd A

gent

Ora

nge

have

bee

n fo

und

in h

uman

bre

ast m

ilk

Inse

ctic

ides

•K

ill in

sect

s in

diff

eren

t way

s•

Org

anop

hosp

hate

s, o

rgan

ochl

orin

es, a

nd

carb

amat

es k

ill b

y ac

ting

on th

e ne

rvou

s sy

stem

of

inse

cts

•S

ome

are

cont

act p

oiso

ns th

at p

enet

rate

the

exos

kele

ton

•S

ome

are

stom

ach

pois

ons

that

ent

er th

e in

test

inal

sys

tem

of b

iting

and

che

win

g in

sect

s•

Som

e ar

e fu

mig

ants

that

ent

er th

e re

spira

tory

sy

stem

of i

nsec

ts•

Som

e ar

e de

sicc

ants

that

rem

ove

moi

stur

e fr

om

inse

cts

Alte

rnat

ives

to P

estic

ides

•P

lant

s th

at a

re to

xic

to in

sect

s bu

t are

not

to

xic

to a

nim

als

(e.g

., ch

yrsa

nthe

mum

)•

Sol

utio

n of

dis

hwas

hing

soa

p to

wat

er fo

r sm

all i

nsec

ts li

ke a

phid

s•

Nat

ural

pre

dato

rs c

an b

e us

ed (

e.g.

, m

osqu

itofis

h)•

Inte

grat

ed p

est m

anag

emen

t (IP

M)

uses

th

e m

ost e

cono

mic

al a

nd le

ast h

azar

dous

m

eans

to c

ontr

ol p

ests

Fun

gici

des

•U

sed

to tr

eat m

olds

and

cro

p ro

t•

Ava

ilabl

e in

pow

ders

, dus

ts, c

once

ntra

te,

and

gran

ules

•S

ome

are

dang

erou

s•

Do

not i

nhal

e th

em•

It is

bes

t to

wat

er a

pla

nt fr

om th

e un

ders

ide

Her

bici

des

•T

here

are

two

type

s: s

elec

tive

and

nons

elec

tive

•S

elec

tive

type

s ki

ll br

oad-

leaf

ed d

icot

yled

onou

s pl

ants

•N

onse

lect

her

bici

des

kill

any

plan

t•

Her

bici

des

wor

k by

pre

vent

ing

phot

osyn

thes

is,

inhi

bitin

g en

zym

es, d

isru

ptin

g ce

ll m

embr

anes

, or

inhi

bitin

g ro

ot c

ell d

ivis

ion

•H

erbi

cide

s va

ry g

reat

ly in

soi

l per

sist

ence

•O

ther

dan

gers

incl

ude

“drif

t” a

nd c

onta

min

atio

n of

gro

und

wat

er a

nd s

urfa

ce w

ater

Alte

rnat

ives

to H

erbi

cide

s

•W

eeds

can

be

pulle

d by

han

d•

Mul

chin

g ke

eps

the

wee

ds d

own

and

moi

stur

e in

the

soil

Rod

entic

ides

•C

onsi

st o

f ant

icoa

gula

nts

and

non-

antic

oagu

lant

s–

Ant

icoa

gula

nts

incl

ude

war

farin

, pin

done

, di

phac

inon

e, a

nd c

loro

phac

inon

e–

Non

coag

ulan

ts in

clud

e zi

nc p

hosp

hide

, ch

olec

alife

rol,

and

brom

etha

lin

•U

sual

ly in

gra

in-b

ased

bai

ts o

r pe

llets

•T

hey

shou

ld n

ot b

e pl

aced

whe

re c

hild

ren

or p

ets

can

get i

nto

them

Hum

an R

isk

from

Pes

ticid

es

•P

estic

ides

can

be

inha

led,

inge

sted

, or

abso

rbed

•T

he m

ost h

arm

ful a

re o

rgan

opho

spha

tes,

whi

ch

are

toxi

c to

the

nerv

ous

syst

em•

Acu

te p

oiso

ning

cal

ls fo

r qu

ick

actio

n–

Det

erm

ine

the

type

and

how

muc

h–

Cal

l Poi

son

Con

trol

and

follo

w d

irect

ions

•C

hron

ic h

ealth

pro

blem

s oc

cur

with

rep

eate

d ex

posu

re o

ver

time

•R

epro

duct

ive

prob

lem

s oc

cur

whe

n ex

pose

d to

en

docr

ine

disr

upte

rs•

Man

y ar

e ca

rcin

ogen

ic (

lym

phom

a in

farm

ers)

The

Mos

t Dan

gero

us In

sect

icid

es

•C

arba

ryl

•C

hlor

dane

(ba

nned

by

the

EP

A)

•H

epta

chlo

r (b

anne

d by

the

EP

A)

•Li

ndan

e•

Mire

x•

Par

athi

on

The

Mos

t Dan

gero

us H

erbi

cide

s

•2,

4,-D

•2,

4,5-

T (

bann

ed b

y th

e E

PA

)•

Ala

chlo

r•

Atr

azin

e•

Nitr

ofen

•T

riflu

ralin

Reg

ulat

ing

Pes

ticid

es,

Fun

gici

des,

and

Her

bici

des

•F

eder

al In

sect

icid

e, F

ungi

cide

, and

R

oden

ticid

e A

ct (

FIF

RA

, 199

6)•

Use

rs m

ust r

egis

ter

the

purc

hase

of t

hese

pr

oduc

ts•

Use

rs m

ust p

ass

a ce

rtifi

catio

n ex

amin

atio

n•

All

pest

icid

e w

orke

rs m

ust b

e re

gist

ered

or

licen

sed

by th

e E

PA

Pes

ticid

es o

n F

ood

•A

n am

endm

ent t

o F

IFR

A, t

he F

ood

Qua

lity

Pro

tect

ion

Act

(19

96)

prov

ided

for

the

EP

A to

set

al

low

able

pes

ticid

e re

sidu

e le

vels

for

food

•T

he r

isk

to c

hild

ren

is th

e gr

eate

st•

The

EP

A a

lso

look

s at

–

pote

ntia

l effe

cts

of e

ndoc

rine

disr

upto

rs,

–po

tent

ial t

erat

ogen

ic e

ffect

s,

–ag

greg

ate

risk

from

all

sour

ces

and

rout

es o

f ex

posu

re,

–as

wel

l as

cum

ulat

ive

risks

due

to e

xpos

ure

Was

h yo

ur p

rodu

ce!

•F

oods

with

the

high

est t

oxic

ity in

dexe

s fo

r pe

stic

ides

incl

ude:

–F

resh

pea

ches

–F

roze

n an

d fr

esh

win

ter

squa

sh–

App

les

–G

rape

s–

Spi

nach

–P

ears

–G

reen

bea

ns–

Bro

ccol

i–

Ora

nge

juic

e–

Ban

anas

–C

orn