Pests and Pesticides · 2013. 9. 8. · Pests and Ecosystems • Pests are unwanted plants (weeds)...
Transcript of Pests and Pesticides · 2013. 9. 8. · Pests and Ecosystems • Pests are unwanted plants (weeds)...
Pes
ts a
nd P
estic
ides
Cha
pter
7
Pes
ts a
nd E
cosy
stem
s
•P
ests
are
unw
ante
d pl
ants
(w
eeds
) or
an
imal
s (v
ecto
rs)
•T
he m
ost c
omm
on ty
pe o
f vec
tors
are
in
sect
s (a
rthr
opod
s) a
nd r
oden
ts•
Ove
rpop
ulat
ion,
pov
erty
, and
lack
of
sani
tatio
n pr
ovid
e op
port
uniti
es fo
r ve
ctor
-bo
rne
dise
ases
•G
loba
l war
min
g an
d re
sist
ance
mak
e co
ntro
l of d
isea
se-c
arry
ing
vect
ors
diffi
cult
Art
hrop
ods
•A
rthr
opod
s –
Join
ted
appe
ndag
es–
Exo
skel
eton
–S
egm
ente
d bo
dies
•In
clud
es in
sect
s an
d ar
achn
ids
Inse
cts
•In
clud
es a
nts,
bee
s, w
asps
, ter
mite
s, fl
ies,
m
osqu
itoes
, coc
kroa
ches
, fle
as, l
ice,
bed
bu
gs, a
nd k
issi
ng b
ugs
•T
hree
seg
men
ts (
head
, tho
rax,
abd
omen
)•
Mou
th, a
nten
nae,
and
eye
s•
Car
ry p
atho
gens
on
the
body
or
in th
e di
gest
ive
trac
t•
Pas
s th
roug
h co
mpl
ete
or in
com
plet
e m
etam
orph
osis
Flie
s
•T
hous
ands
of s
peci
es•
Lay
eggs
on
garb
age
and
man
ure
•T
hey
hatc
h an
d re
ach
the
mat
ure
stag
e in
1–
2 w
eeks
•In
sert
Fig
. 7-1
her
e
Typ
es o
f Flie
s
No
nb
itin
g:
ho
use
flie
sF
eed
on w
aste
m
ater
ials
May
pic
k up
pat
hoge
ns
for
salm
onel
la,
chol
era,
dys
ente
ry,
typh
oid,
hoo
kwor
m,
pinw
orm
, and
w
hipw
orm
Bit
ing
: b
lack
flie
s,
dee
r fl
ies,
san
d f
lies,
h
ors
e fl
ies,
sta
ble
fl
ies
Req
uire
a b
lood
mea
lC
arry
blo
odbo
rne
dise
ases
suc
h as
A
fric
an s
leep
ing
sick
ness
, dee
rfly
fe
ver,
and
Afr
ican
eye
w
orm
dis
ease
Con
trol
of F
lies
•K
eep
flies
aw
ay f
rom
food
•S
cree
n po
rche
s an
d pa
tios
•C
over
ope
n co
ntai
ners
of t
rash
•R
emov
e tr
ash
at le
ast t
wic
e pe
r w
eek
•U
se s
ticky
fly
strip
s
Mos
quito
es
•30
0 sp
ecie
s w
orld
wid
e•
Hou
se m
osqu
itoes
(C
ulex
) ca
rry
ence
phal
itis
•A
edes
aeg
ypti
carr
y ye
llow
feve
r•
Asi
an T
iger
mos
quito
es (
Aed
es
albo
pict
us)
carr
y de
ngue
feve
r,
ence
phal
itis,
yel
low
feve
r, a
nd W
est N
ile
•A
noph
eles
mos
quito
es c
arry
mal
aria
Con
trol
of M
osqu
itoes
•M
osqu
ito e
ggs
turn
to a
dults
in 5
day
s•
The
fem
ale
mos
quito
es r
equi
re a
blo
od
mea
l•
Dra
in s
tagn
ant w
ater
from
ditc
hes
•R
emov
e tr
ash
cans
, flo
wer
pot
s, w
adin
g po
ols,
bird
bat
hs, p
et d
ishe
s, c
logg
ed
gutte
rs, a
nd o
ther
item
s th
at m
ay c
onta
in
stag
nant
wat
er•
Mos
quito
trap
s an
d “d
unks
” ca
n be
use
d
Con
trol
of M
osqu
itoes
(co
ntin
ued)
•W
hen
outd
oors
(es
peci
ally
dur
ing
daw
n or
du
sk)
wea
r D
EE
T r
epel
lent
–S
peci
al p
reca
utio
ns a
pply
for
child
ren
•D
o no
t wea
r pe
rfum
e, h
air
spra
y, o
r de
odor
ant
•S
tay
away
fro
m tr
ees,
bus
hes,
or
high
gr
ass
•W
ear
long
-sle
eved
shi
rts
and
long
pan
ts
Coc
kroa
ches
•A
mer
ican
(P
erip
lane
ta a
mer
ican
a)–
Als
o kn
own
as P
alm
etto
bug
s or
“w
ater
bug
s”–
Bro
wn
to r
eddi
sh b
row
n
•G
erm
an (
Bla
ttella
ger
man
ica)
–P
ale
yello
wis
h br
own
with
dar
k br
own
strip
es
on th
e he
ad
•O
rient
al (
Bla
tte o
rient
ales
)–
Dar
k br
own
or b
lack
, “se
wer
roa
ches
”
Roa
ch C
ontr
ol
•60
0 da
ys fr
om e
gg to
adu
lt•
Pre
fer
dark
, moi
st e
nviro
nmen
ts•
Hid
e in
cra
cks
and
crev
ices
•F
eed
on m
anur
e, d
ecay
ed fo
od, g
lue,
etc
.•
Car
ry d
isea
se o
n bo
dy o
r in
inte
stin
es•
Agg
rava
te a
llerg
ies
in in
fant
s an
d yo
ung
child
ren
•K
eep
food
in c
onta
iner
s, w
ipe
up c
rum
bs, k
eep
kitc
hen
and
bath
room
are
as, d
ry, s
eal c
rack
s
Fle
as
•F
rom
an
egg
to a
dult
with
in 3
–4 w
eeks
•C
arry
pat
hoge
ns (
plag
ue, t
yphu
s, tu
lare
mia
, sa
lmon
ello
sis)
•G
ain
acce
ss to
hum
ans
thro
ugh
pets
or
verm
in
(rat
s, p
rairi
e do
gs, c
hipm
unks
, and
squ
irrel
s)
Fle
a C
ontr
ol
•K
eep
gras
s m
owed
sho
rt•
Bat
he a
nim
als
in s
umm
er m
onth
s an
d ch
eck
for
fleas
•T
reat
infe
sted
ani
mal
s w
ith fl
ea p
owde
r or
fle
a sp
ray
Lice
•La
y eg
gs o
n ha
ir or
ski
n•
Egg
s ha
tch
and
beco
me
adul
ts in
10
days
•F
eed
on h
uman
s fo
r 30
day
s•
Thr
ee ty
pes:
hea
d, b
ody,
and
cra
b•
Tra
nsm
itted
by
infe
cted
clo
thin
g, h
air
brus
hes,
or
dire
ct c
onta
ct w
ith a
per
son
carr
ying
lice
Con
trol
of L
ice
•R
epor
t an
infe
stat
ion
imm
edia
tely
•Q
wel
l and
oth
er m
edic
ated
sha
mpo
os a
re
avai
labl
e•
Nits
mus
t be
rem
oved
from
the
hair
shaf
t•
Was
h cl
othi
ng in
hot
wat
er•
Put
item
s th
at c
anno
t be
was
hed
(stu
ffed
anim
als,
etc
.) in
gar
bage
bag
s w
ith th
e ai
r sq
ueez
ed o
ut fo
r se
vera
l day
s
Bed
bugs
•S
even
spe
cies
•F
eed
on h
uman
s an
d w
arm
-blo
oded
an
imal
s at
nig
ht•
Do
not c
arry
dis
ease
s, b
ut m
ake
itchy
w
elts
•C
an li
ve u
p to
a y
ear
with
out a
blo
od
feed
ing
Kis
sing
Bug
s
•F
ound
prim
arily
in M
exic
o, C
entr
al
Am
eric
a, S
outh
Am
eric
a, a
nd s
outh
ern
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
•C
arrie
d by
rod
ents
, arm
adill
os, a
nd
opos
sum
s•
Car
ries
the
prot
ozoa
n pa
rasi
te
Try
pano
som
a cr
uizi
•M
ay c
ause
sev
ere
infla
mm
atio
n, p
aral
ysis
, an
d de
ath
in s
ome
peop
le
Fire
Ant
s
•F
our
spec
ies
(red
, bla
ck, S
outh
ern,
and
T
ropi
cal)
•Li
ve in
larg
e co
loni
es in
dom
e-sh
aped
m
ound
s•
Can
stin
g se
vera
l tim
es•
The
bite
s ar
e pa
infu
l and
som
e m
ay
deve
lop
an a
llerg
ic r
eact
ion
Con
trol
of F
ire A
nts
•T
hey
repr
oduc
e ra
pidl
y•
Pou
r bo
iling
wat
er o
n th
e m
ound
, or
use
fire
ant b
ait o
r gr
anul
ar in
sect
icid
es•
The
pho
rid fl
y ca
n be
use
d to
dec
apita
te
fire
ants
Bee
s an
d W
asps
•B
ees,
yel
low
jack
ets,
hor
nets
, and
was
ps
do n
ot c
arry
dis
ease
s•
Som
e pe
ople
are
alle
rgic
to th
em•
Inse
ctic
ides
sho
uld
be u
sed
at n
ight
•W
ear
prot
ectiv
e cl
othi
ng (
hat,
long
pan
ts,
long
-sle
eved
shi
rt, n
ettin
g)•
Fla
shlig
hts
attr
act t
hem
Ter
mite
s
•C
ause
sev
ere
dest
ruct
ion
to w
ood
as n
oted
by
“mud
tube
s”•
Hav
e a
term
ite in
spec
tion
befo
re p
urch
asin
g a
hom
e•
Use
dec
orat
ive
woo
d ch
ips
and
mul
ch s
parin
gly
in th
e ya
rd•
Sto
re fi
rew
ood,
lum
ber,
and
oth
er w
ood
debr
is
away
from
the
hous
e•
Kee
p m
oist
ure
away
fro
m th
e fo
unda
tion
•E
limin
ate
woo
d co
ntac
t with
the
grou
nd
Ara
chni
ds
•In
clud
es s
pide
rs, t
aran
tula
s, ti
cks,
mite
s,
and
scor
pion
s•
Are
car
nivo
res
•H
ave
one
or tw
o m
ain
segm
ents
: ce
phal
otho
rax
and
abdo
men
•N
o an
tenn
ae o
r w
ings
•E
ight
legs
, mul
tiple
eye
s, b
ookl
ungs
, pe
dipa
lp, c
helic
erae
Spi
ders
and
Tar
antu
las
•T
he b
row
n re
clus
e sp
ider
is m
ore
activ
e at
ni
ght
–T
he b
ite c
an b
e cy
toto
xic
•T
he b
lack
wid
ow s
pide
r–
The
rea
ctio
n de
pend
s on
th
e ar
ea o
f the
bod
y bi
tten
and
sens
itivi
ty to
th
e ve
nom
Con
trol
of S
pide
rs
•M
ost a
re h
arm
less
•
Rem
ove
old
rotti
ng w
ood
and
dam
p ar
eas
Tic
ks
•H
ard
ticks
(do
g tic
ks, w
ood
ticks
, and
dee
r tic
ks)
and
soft
ticks
(fo
wl t
ick
and
rela
psin
g fe
ver
tick)
•T
hree
vis
ible
com
pone
nts:
pal
ps,
chel
icer
ae, a
nd h
ypos
tom
e
Con
trol
of T
icks
•T
icks
are
kno
wn
for
thei
r di
seas
e-ca
rryi
ng
capa
city
•T
icks
like
gra
ssy
and
woo
ded
area
s•
Kee
p gr
ass
cut s
hort
•W
ear
long
-sle
eved
shi
rts,
long
pan
ts, a
nd
hats
Mite
s
•D
evel
op fr
om e
ggs
to a
dults
with
in 2
–3
wee
ks•
Can
be
vect
ors
for
scru
b ty
phus
, ric
ketti
al
dise
ases
, hem
orrh
agic
feve
r, a
nd
ence
phal
itis
•S
cabi
es b
urro
w u
nder
the
skin
•T
rans
mitt
ed b
y di
rect
con
tact
or
anim
als
(bird
s an
d ro
dent
s)•
Kee
p th
e ho
me
clea
n an
d va
cuum
ed
Sco
rpio
ns
•V
enom
ous
crea
ture
s fo
und
near
ly
ever
ywhe
re•
Not
all
are
dead
ly•
The
ven
om p
rodu
ces
seve
re p
ain,
sw
ellin
g, d
iffic
ultie
s in
bre
athi
ng, m
uscl
e tw
itchi
ng, a
nd c
onvu
lsio
ns•
Live
up
to 3
–5 y
ears
•T
hey
build
nes
ts in
mul
ch a
nd w
oodp
iles
Rod
ents
•M
amm
als
with
teet
h an
d ja
ws
for
gnaw
ing
•V
ery
dest
ruct
ive
•M
ost a
ctiv
e at
nig
ht•
The
y go
whe
re th
ere
is fo
od•
The
y ca
n be
trap
ped
or p
oiso
ned
Mic
e
•T
he h
ouse
mou
se (
Mus
mus
culu
s)
prod
uce
5–10
litte
rs p
er y
ear
•T
he d
eer
mou
se (
Per
omys
cus
man
icul
atis
) is
kno
wn
to c
arry
the
hant
a vi
rus
Rat
s
•R
oof r
at o
r bl
ack
rat (
Rat
tus
rattu
s)•
Nor
way
rat
or
brow
n ra
t (R
attu
s no
rveg
icus
)•
Rat
s re
ach
sexu
al m
atur
ity 3
–5 m
onth
s af
ter
they
are
bor
n an
d ca
n ha
ve 4
–6 li
tters
per
yea
r•
Rat
s ca
n ge
t jus
t abo
ut a
nyw
here
and
thriv
e w
here
ther
e is
gar
bage
and
poo
r sa
nita
tion
•T
hey
carr
y di
seas
es li
ke p
lagu
e, r
icke
ttsia
l pox
, m
urin
e ty
phus
, rat
bite
feve
r, la
ssa
feve
r,
salm
onel
losi
s, a
nd tr
ichi
nosi
s
Pes
ticid
es
•In
clud
e:–
Inse
ctic
ides
–F
ungi
cide
s–
Her
bici
des
–A
scar
icid
es–
Rod
entic
ides
•F
ive
prin
cipa
l cla
sses
of
pes
ticid
es:
–O
rgan
ochl
orin
es–
Org
anop
hosp
hate
s–
Car
bam
ates
–P
yret
hroi
ds–
Phe
noxy
her
bici
des
Pes
ticid
e C
ontr
over
sy
•T
hey
have
har
mfu
l effe
cts
on b
irds,
fish
, an
imal
s, a
nd h
uman
s•
The
re a
re lo
ng-t
erm
effe
cts
with
rep
eate
d ex
posu
re in
pla
nts
that
man
ufac
ture
the
pest
icid
es a
nd th
ose
who
use
them
–F
arm
wor
kers
–A
eria
l cro
p-du
stin
g pi
lots
–P
rofe
ssio
nal p
est c
ontr
ol w
orke
rs•
Pes
ticid
es a
re e
spec
ially
har
mfu
l to
child
ren
DD
T a
nd A
gent
Ora
nge
•D
DT
was
use
d du
ring
WW
II to
kill
m
osqu
itoes
, bod
y lic
e, a
nd o
ther
dis
ease
-ca
rryi
ng v
ecto
rs•
Age
nt O
rang
e (2
,4,5
-T)
was
use
d in
the
Vie
tnam
war
as
a de
folia
nt–
The
mos
t har
mfu
l age
nt w
as d
ioxi
n
•B
oth
DD
T a
nd A
gent
Ora
nge
have
bee
n fo
und
in h
uman
bre
ast m
ilk
Inse
ctic
ides
•K
ill in
sect
s in
diff
eren
t way
s•
Org
anop
hosp
hate
s, o
rgan
ochl
orin
es, a
nd
carb
amat
es k
ill b
y ac
ting
on th
e ne
rvou
s sy
stem
of
inse
cts
•S
ome
are
cont
act p
oiso
ns th
at p
enet
rate
the
exos
kele
ton
•S
ome
are
stom
ach
pois
ons
that
ent
er th
e in
test
inal
sys
tem
of b
iting
and
che
win
g in
sect
s•
Som
e ar
e fu
mig
ants
that
ent
er th
e re
spira
tory
sy
stem
of i
nsec
ts•
Som
e ar
e de
sicc
ants
that
rem
ove
moi
stur
e fr
om
inse
cts
Alte
rnat
ives
to P
estic
ides
•P
lant
s th
at a
re to
xic
to in
sect
s bu
t are
not
to
xic
to a
nim
als
(e.g
., ch
yrsa
nthe
mum
)•
Sol
utio
n of
dis
hwas
hing
soa
p to
wat
er fo
r sm
all i
nsec
ts li
ke a
phid
s•
Nat
ural
pre
dato
rs c
an b
e us
ed (
e.g.
, m
osqu
itofis
h)•
Inte
grat
ed p
est m
anag
emen
t (IP
M)
uses
th
e m
ost e
cono
mic
al a
nd le
ast h
azar
dous
m
eans
to c
ontr
ol p
ests
Fun
gici
des
•U
sed
to tr
eat m
olds
and
cro
p ro
t•
Ava
ilabl
e in
pow
ders
, dus
ts, c
once
ntra
te,
and
gran
ules
•S
ome
are
dang
erou
s•
Do
not i
nhal
e th
em•
It is
bes
t to
wat
er a
pla
nt fr
om th
e un
ders
ide
Her
bici
des
•T
here
are
two
type
s: s
elec
tive
and
nons
elec
tive
•S
elec
tive
type
s ki
ll br
oad-
leaf
ed d
icot
yled
onou
s pl
ants
•N
onse
lect
her
bici
des
kill
any
plan
t•
Her
bici
des
wor
k by
pre
vent
ing
phot
osyn
thes
is,
inhi
bitin
g en
zym
es, d
isru
ptin
g ce
ll m
embr
anes
, or
inhi
bitin
g ro
ot c
ell d
ivis
ion
•H
erbi
cide
s va
ry g
reat
ly in
soi
l per
sist
ence
•O
ther
dan
gers
incl
ude
“drif
t” a
nd c
onta
min
atio
n of
gro
und
wat
er a
nd s
urfa
ce w
ater
Alte
rnat
ives
to H
erbi
cide
s
•W
eeds
can
be
pulle
d by
han
d•
Mul
chin
g ke
eps
the
wee
ds d
own
and
moi
stur
e in
the
soil
Rod
entic
ides
•C
onsi
st o
f ant
icoa
gula
nts
and
non-
antic
oagu
lant
s–
Ant
icoa
gula
nts
incl
ude
war
farin
, pin
done
, di
phac
inon
e, a
nd c
loro
phac
inon
e–
Non
coag
ulan
ts in
clud
e zi
nc p
hosp
hide
, ch
olec
alife
rol,
and
brom
etha
lin
•U
sual
ly in
gra
in-b
ased
bai
ts o
r pe
llets
•T
hey
shou
ld n
ot b
e pl
aced
whe
re c
hild
ren
or p
ets
can
get i
nto
them
Hum
an R
isk
from
Pes
ticid
es
•P
estic
ides
can
be
inha
led,
inge
sted
, or
abso
rbed
•T
he m
ost h
arm
ful a
re o
rgan
opho
spha
tes,
whi
ch
are
toxi
c to
the
nerv
ous
syst
em•
Acu
te p
oiso
ning
cal
ls fo
r qu
ick
actio
n–
Det
erm
ine
the
type
and
how
muc
h–
Cal
l Poi
son
Con
trol
and
follo
w d
irect
ions
•C
hron
ic h
ealth
pro
blem
s oc
cur
with
rep
eate
d ex
posu
re o
ver
time
•R
epro
duct
ive
prob
lem
s oc
cur
whe
n ex
pose
d to
en
docr
ine
disr
upte
rs•
Man
y ar
e ca
rcin
ogen
ic (
lym
phom
a in
farm
ers)
The
Mos
t Dan
gero
us In
sect
icid
es
•C
arba
ryl
•C
hlor
dane
(ba
nned
by
the
EP
A)
•H
epta
chlo
r (b
anne
d by
the
EP
A)
•Li
ndan
e•
Mire
x•
Par
athi
on
The
Mos
t Dan
gero
us H
erbi
cide
s
•2,
4,-D
•2,
4,5-
T (
bann
ed b
y th
e E
PA
)•
Ala
chlo
r•
Atr
azin
e•
Nitr
ofen
•T
riflu
ralin
Reg
ulat
ing
Pes
ticid
es,
Fun
gici
des,
and
Her
bici
des
•F
eder
al In
sect
icid
e, F
ungi
cide
, and
R
oden
ticid
e A
ct (
FIF
RA
, 199
6)•
Use
rs m
ust r
egis
ter
the
purc
hase
of t
hese
pr
oduc
ts•
Use
rs m
ust p
ass
a ce
rtifi
catio
n ex
amin
atio
n•
All
pest
icid
e w
orke
rs m
ust b
e re
gist
ered
or
licen
sed
by th
e E
PA
Pes
ticid
es o
n F
ood
•A
n am
endm
ent t
o F
IFR
A, t
he F
ood
Qua
lity
Pro
tect
ion
Act
(19
96)
prov
ided
for
the
EP
A to
set
al
low
able
pes
ticid
e re
sidu
e le
vels
for
food
•T
he r
isk
to c
hild
ren
is th
e gr
eate
st•
The
EP
A a
lso
look
s at
–
pote
ntia
l effe
cts
of e
ndoc
rine
disr
upto
rs,
–po
tent
ial t
erat
ogen
ic e
ffect
s,
–ag
greg
ate
risk
from
all
sour
ces
and
rout
es o
f ex
posu
re,
–as
wel
l as
cum
ulat
ive
risks
due
to e
xpos
ure
Was
h yo
ur p
rodu
ce!
•F
oods
with
the
high
est t
oxic
ity in
dexe
s fo
r pe
stic
ides
incl
ude:
–F
resh
pea
ches
–F
roze
n an
d fr
esh
win
ter
squa
sh–
App
les
–G
rape
s–
Spi
nach
–P
ears
–G
reen
bea
ns–
Bro
ccol
i–
Ora
nge
juic
e–
Ban
anas
–C
orn