Post on 21-Jun-2015
description
Henrik von Hofsten
Past, current and future developments
of modern forest fuel systems
Utilization of forest biomass in Sweden
36 %
Paper & Pulp
16 %
Pulp chips
10 % Bark & sawdust
20 %
Sawn goods 46 %
Sawlogs
8 % Traditional firewood
23 %
Energy 46 %
Pulpwood
Annual felling
94 M m3
Source: Skogsindustrierna, 2003 och SCB/SKS
Low fruits are already taken
Bark
Slash
Fire wood
Black
liquers
Saw dust
Stumps
Small trees
So, what do we do?
Technical development – stump lifter
1978 2008
Reduce transport costs
Net cost comparison
0
50
100
150
200
Normal New
SKr/MWh
Soil handling
Transport
Comminution
Lifting
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 50 100 150 200 250
Euro(2002)/MWh
Cumulative use of biofuels (TWh)
Suorce: M.Junginger & Björheden 2005
Cost reduction of unrefined wood
residues in Sweden 1975-2003
Cost reduction in stump lifting 2006-2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 10 100 1000 10000
Costs, Skr/MWh
Accumulated area, ha
Sites
Average/yr
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
Normal New
Pe
rce
nt o
f o
utp
ut
Soil handling
Transport
Comminution
Lifting
Environmental benefit
Nort
h s
ea o
il
Input/output ratio – fossil vs. forest fuel
Felling methods
0
5
10
15
20
Today Sweep Tomorrow
m3/hour
Felling methods
Diameter 4-8 cm
Yield per corridor
20-40 stems
or 150-300 kg
Max. equipment weight 700 kg
Min. height upper/lower
accumulation arms 55 cm
Accumulating capacity
To accum 40 stems á 4 cm 0,078 m² or 30 cm dia
30 stems á 5 cm 0,09 m² or 35 cm dia
Felling equipment
Profitiability in small dia. stands
Yielded
stems/hour
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
Break even
7,5
15,0
22,5
30,0
37,5
m3/h
Diameter, cm
Surplus and shortage
areas
Railways ?
Logistic structure
– Terminals
Organization
Railway terminals
Logistics – what goes where and
when
Need for optimization software
Logistics on site – GPS can help
Productivity & fuel consumption
Effect of screen size
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Production Fuel consump.
Change, %
60 ˣ 40 mm
60 ˣ 240 mm
Maintenance
Knife maintenance
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
0 100 200 300
Tonnes chipped
Knife wear
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
New Bad
Production
Fuel
Other topics of interest
Supply chain
Logistics
Transportation
Certification FSC, PEFC
Business and trade
Terminal solutions
Other topics of interest
Supply chain
Logistics
Transportation
Certification FSC, PEFC
Business and trade
Many trade units = confusion
MWh
Ton dry
Ton raw
Hectare
m3 loose chips
m3 solid biom
m3 solid round wood
m3 solid ub incl. bark
ODt Oven dry tonnes
Costs 2009 Slash Small diam. Round wood Stumps
To land owner 39 14 60 2
Harvest ̶ 41 14 43
Forwarding 33 26 19 25
Other 8 6 9 3
∑ at road side 80 87 102 73
Comminution 44 31 16 40
Terminal costs 7 6 12 8
Road transport 34 34 29 46
Administration 7 6 8 6
∑ at heat plant 172 165 167 174
All costs in SKr per m3loose
Henrik von Hofsten heho@skogforsk.se
Thank you!