Part 8Visceral Function

Regulated by Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) Sympathetic

nervous system Parasympathetic

nervous system

Function of Autonomic Nervous System---Change Visceral Functions

T1- L2-3

Sympathetic Nerve Preganglionic fiber Postganglionic fiber

Ⅲ、Ⅶ、

Ⅸ、Ⅹ

cranial

nerve

S2-4

Parasympathetic Nerve

Parasympathetic Nerve Preganglionic fiber Postganglionic fiber

Function of autonomic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Functional properties of autonomic nervous system

Tonic innervation

Dual innervation to the same effector

Influence by the functional status of effector

Significance to the regulation of physiological function

Central Nervous System Regulation to Visceral Activity

Spinal cord

Lower brain stem

Hypothalamus

Limbic cortex

Spinal Cord Visceral reflexes

Micturition reflexDefecation reflex

Lower Brain Stem Autonomic centers

Cardiovascular

regulatory center

Respiratory center

Pneumotaxic center

Hypothalamus

Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions of Hypothalamus

Regulation of body temperature

PO/AH (the preoptic area)

Regulation of body waterThirst centerSupraoptic nucleus: ADH

Cardiovascular regulation

Gastrointestinal and feeding regulation

Ventromedial nucleus: satiety center

Lateral hypothalamic area: feeding center

Hypothalamic control of endocrine hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland

Controlling biorhythmSuprachiasmatic nucleus

Circadian rhythm

Limbic lobe and limbic system

What is instinctual behavior?

What is emotion?

Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior and Emotion

Instinctual behavior

Feeding behavior

Drinking behavior Sexual behavior

Importance of Reward and Punishment in Behavior

Controllers of bodily activities, drives,

aversions and motivations

Habituation versus reinforcement (for

learning and memory)

Selecting the information that we learn1% retention

Part 9

Learning and Memory

Learning and Memory

1. Learning: Acquisition

and formation of new

information.

2. Memory: Retention and

retrieval of learned

information.(Hebb,1949)

Types of Learning

Non-associative learning

Habituation

Sensitization

Associative learning

Classical Conditioned reflex

Operated conditioned reflex

Second signaling system

Types of Memory

Declarative memory for facts

Easy to acquire

Easy to lose

Procedural memory (reflexive memory) for

skills or behaviour

Hard to acquire

Hard to lose

Processes of Memory Sensory memory

seconds

Short-term memory (working memory) seconds-mins

Long-term memoryIntermediate-term memory mins-hoursThe second memory mins-years The third memory for ever

Transfer of Memory

Mechanisms of Learning

“Sensitization” of synaptic transmission-

Positive memory

“Habituation” of synaptic transmission-

Negative memory

Mechanisms of Memory Synaptic plasticity

Memories are caused by changes in the sensitivity

of synaptic transmission between neurons as a

result of previous neural activity

The changes cause new pathways (memory traces)

or facilitated pathways to develop for transmission

of signals through the neural circuit of the brain

Synaptic Plasticity

Function plasticity

Long-term potentiation, LTP

Long-term depression, LTD

Structure plasticity

Role of Hippocampus in Memory Process

Promoting storage of memories

Functional Plasticity in Hippocampus

LTP

LTD

NMDA receptor and “smart mouse”

Normal synapse LTP

Ca/CaMPKC

c-Fosc-Jun

Astro

Astro

Astro

DendriticSpine Dendritic

SpineDendritic

Spine

Axon Terminals

Location Receptor Before After

DG/CA1 NMDA                                      

CA3 Adrenergic                                    

a larger spine head, shorter neck

Amnesia Loss of memory

Amnesia

Anterograde amnesia-

hippocampal lesions

Retrograde amnesia-

Who Am I?

Part 10

Language Function of the Brain

Dominant Hemisphere Definition

The general interpretative function of Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus as well as the functions of the speech and motor control areas are usually much more highly developed in one cerebral hemisphere than in the other.

This hemisphere is called the dominant hemisphere ---left (95%)

Left hemisphere

Broca’s area: speech and motor control areas

Wernicke’ area: for language comprehension

Angular gyrus: for initial processing of visual

language (reading), i.e., interpretation of visual

information

Language-based intellectual functions: basal

ganglia

Left hemisphere

Disorders of Language Function

Motor aphasiaBroca area (S)

Sensory aphasiaH area

AlexiaV area

AgraphiaW area

Part 11

Electric Activity of the Brain

Spontaneous electric activity of the brain (EEG) Non-specific projection system

Evoked cortical potential An evoked potential is any change in the voltages of a subject's

scalp induced by a change in their sensory input

Specific projection system

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Electrocorticogram (ECoG)

Measurement of EEG

The international 10-20 system (Jasper, 1958)

Measurement of EEG

Mechanism of EEG

Summation of post-synaptic potentials Synchronization or desynchronization

Non-specific projection system

Part 12

Wakefulness and Sleep

Sleep DefinitionUnconsciousness from which the person can be

aroused by sensory or other stimuli

Time Needed for Sleep

Adult--7~9h

Infant--18~20h

Children--12~14h

Senior--5~7h

Types of Sleep 1. Slow wave sleep (SWS)

The brain waves are large and slow

2. Fast wave sleep (FWS)

Paradoxical sleep (PS)

Rapid eye movements (REM)---rapid movements of eyes when

one is asleep

Slow-wave Sleep EEG

Low-frequency, highly synchronized neural activity

Heart rate and blood pressure

Gastrointestinal motility

The muscles relax

The sleeper can easily be awakened

REM EEG

Desynchronized activity

Muscle tone is completely absent Irregular changes

HR, BP, respiratory rate, muscle movements

Difficult to arouse Dreaming Rapid movements of the eyes

Basic Theories of sleep and wakefulness

Wakefulness --Ascending reticular activating

system

Sleep -- The Passive theory:

Sleep is caused by

an inhibition of the

reticular activating system.

2. Sleep is Caused by an Active Inhibitory Process

Sleep-promoting centers:

The raphe nuclei

The nucleus of the tractus solitarius

Hess regions in the diencephalon

Preoptic area of hypothalamus

Pon

Endogenous sleep-inducing factors: Factor S, DSIP,

SPS, etc.

A: (+) Reticular activating system: SleepawakeB: (+) Thalamus: Awakesleep

Physiologic Effect of Sleep

The principle value of sleep is to restore the

natural balance among the neuronal center

Role of slow wave sleep

Role of fast wave sleep

Disorders of sleep

Insomnia

Sleep apnea syndrome

Narcolepsy