Part 8
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Transcript of Part 8
Part 8Visceral Function
Regulated by Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) Sympathetic
nervous system Parasympathetic
nervous system
Function of Autonomic Nervous System---Change Visceral Functions
T1- L2-3
Sympathetic Nerve Preganglionic fiber Postganglionic fiber
Ⅲ、Ⅶ、
Ⅸ、Ⅹ
cranial
nerve
S2-4
Parasympathetic Nerve
Parasympathetic Nerve Preganglionic fiber Postganglionic fiber
Function of autonomic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Functional properties of autonomic nervous system
Tonic innervation
Dual innervation to the same effector
Influence by the functional status of effector
Significance to the regulation of physiological function
Central Nervous System Regulation to Visceral Activity
Spinal cord
Lower brain stem
Hypothalamus
Limbic cortex
Spinal Cord Visceral reflexes
Micturition reflexDefecation reflex
Lower Brain Stem Autonomic centers
Cardiovascular
regulatory center
Respiratory center
Pneumotaxic center
Hypothalamus
Vegetative and Endocrine Control Functions of Hypothalamus
Regulation of body temperature
PO/AH (the preoptic area)
Regulation of body waterThirst centerSupraoptic nucleus: ADH
Cardiovascular regulation
Gastrointestinal and feeding regulation
Ventromedial nucleus: satiety center
Lateral hypothalamic area: feeding center
Hypothalamic control of endocrine hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland
Controlling biorhythmSuprachiasmatic nucleus
Circadian rhythm
Limbic lobe and limbic system
What is instinctual behavior?
What is emotion?
Neural Basis of Instinctual Behavior and Emotion
Instinctual behavior
Feeding behavior
Drinking behavior Sexual behavior
Importance of Reward and Punishment in Behavior
Controllers of bodily activities, drives,
aversions and motivations
Habituation versus reinforcement (for
learning and memory)
Selecting the information that we learn1% retention
Part 9
Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory
1. Learning: Acquisition
and formation of new
information.
2. Memory: Retention and
retrieval of learned
information.(Hebb,1949)
Types of Learning
Non-associative learning
Habituation
Sensitization
Associative learning
Classical Conditioned reflex
Operated conditioned reflex
Second signaling system
Types of Memory
Declarative memory for facts
Easy to acquire
Easy to lose
Procedural memory (reflexive memory) for
skills or behaviour
Hard to acquire
Hard to lose
Processes of Memory Sensory memory
seconds
Short-term memory (working memory) seconds-mins
Long-term memoryIntermediate-term memory mins-hoursThe second memory mins-years The third memory for ever
Transfer of Memory
Mechanisms of Learning
“Sensitization” of synaptic transmission-
Positive memory
“Habituation” of synaptic transmission-
Negative memory
Mechanisms of Memory Synaptic plasticity
Memories are caused by changes in the sensitivity
of synaptic transmission between neurons as a
result of previous neural activity
The changes cause new pathways (memory traces)
or facilitated pathways to develop for transmission
of signals through the neural circuit of the brain
Synaptic Plasticity
Function plasticity
Long-term potentiation, LTP
Long-term depression, LTD
Structure plasticity
Role of Hippocampus in Memory Process
Promoting storage of memories
Functional Plasticity in Hippocampus
LTP
LTD
NMDA receptor and “smart mouse”
Normal synapse LTP
Ca/CaMPKC
c-Fosc-Jun
Astro
Astro
Astro
DendriticSpine Dendritic
SpineDendritic
Spine
Axon Terminals
Location Receptor Before After
DG/CA1 NMDA
CA3 Adrenergic
a larger spine head, shorter neck
Amnesia Loss of memory
Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia-
hippocampal lesions
Retrograde amnesia-
Who Am I?
Part 10
Language Function of the Brain
Dominant Hemisphere Definition
The general interpretative function of Wernicke’s area and the angular gyrus as well as the functions of the speech and motor control areas are usually much more highly developed in one cerebral hemisphere than in the other.
This hemisphere is called the dominant hemisphere ---left (95%)
Left hemisphere
Broca’s area: speech and motor control areas
Wernicke’ area: for language comprehension
Angular gyrus: for initial processing of visual
language (reading), i.e., interpretation of visual
information
Language-based intellectual functions: basal
ganglia
Left hemisphere
Disorders of Language Function
Motor aphasiaBroca area (S)
Sensory aphasiaH area
AlexiaV area
AgraphiaW area
Part 11
Electric Activity of the Brain
Spontaneous electric activity of the brain (EEG) Non-specific projection system
Evoked cortical potential An evoked potential is any change in the voltages of a subject's
scalp induced by a change in their sensory input
Specific projection system
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrocorticogram (ECoG)
Measurement of EEG
The international 10-20 system (Jasper, 1958)
Measurement of EEG
Mechanism of EEG
Summation of post-synaptic potentials Synchronization or desynchronization
Non-specific projection system
Part 12
Wakefulness and Sleep
Sleep DefinitionUnconsciousness from which the person can be
aroused by sensory or other stimuli
Time Needed for Sleep
Adult--7~9h
Infant--18~20h
Children--12~14h
Senior--5~7h
Types of Sleep 1. Slow wave sleep (SWS)
The brain waves are large and slow
2. Fast wave sleep (FWS)
Paradoxical sleep (PS)
Rapid eye movements (REM)---rapid movements of eyes when
one is asleep
Slow-wave Sleep EEG
Low-frequency, highly synchronized neural activity
Heart rate and blood pressure
Gastrointestinal motility
The muscles relax
The sleeper can easily be awakened
REM EEG
Desynchronized activity
Muscle tone is completely absent Irregular changes
HR, BP, respiratory rate, muscle movements
Difficult to arouse Dreaming Rapid movements of the eyes
Basic Theories of sleep and wakefulness
Wakefulness --Ascending reticular activating
system
Sleep -- The Passive theory:
Sleep is caused by
an inhibition of the
reticular activating system.
2. Sleep is Caused by an Active Inhibitory Process
Sleep-promoting centers:
The raphe nuclei
The nucleus of the tractus solitarius
Hess regions in the diencephalon
Preoptic area of hypothalamus
Pon
Endogenous sleep-inducing factors: Factor S, DSIP,
SPS, etc.
A: (+) Reticular activating system: SleepawakeB: (+) Thalamus: Awakesleep
Physiologic Effect of Sleep
The principle value of sleep is to restore the
natural balance among the neuronal center
Role of slow wave sleep
Role of fast wave sleep
Disorders of sleep
Insomnia
Sleep apnea syndrome
Narcolepsy