Fisheries-Harmonious

Offshore Wind Farm Basic Concept and Some Alternative Menu

1

Norway-Japan Marine Seminar 2014 Parallel session II: Synergetic and Multipurpose utilization of marine resources

June 4th, 2014

Tokyo International Exchange Center

Hiroyuki Nakahara, Managing Director

Yasushi Shiobara, Chief Researcher

Research Institute for Ocean Economics

（Source：The influence of offshore windpower on demersal fish

Dan Wilhelmssona,∗, Torleif Malmb and Marcus C. Öhmana）

They observed the biota around

a foundation for three years

after construction.

Biomass around foundation

was richer than the contrast

study area.

It has functional as

artificial reef.

Can a foundation structure of offshore wind turbine

be functional as a fish reef ?

Observational study results

in Sweden

2

1．Impact on Marine Ecosystem

by Offshore Wind Turbine

（Source：Monitoring and evaluation program near shore wind farm, IMARES Report , 2012）

Offshore Windpark Egmond aan Zee (demonstratie project) , Netherlands.

Full operation since January 2007

Project Capacity 108 MW, Turbine Capacity 3 MW

Number of Turbines 36, Foundation Grounded: Monopile

Depth range 15 m - 18 m, Distance From Shore 10 km

The amount of fish varies?

3

Biomass research by the fish finder and trawl net

Fish did not

decrease, but

did not increase

either.

4 （source：Monitoring and evaluation program near shore wind farm, IMARES Report , 2012）

The amount of fish varies?

Biomass research by the gill net

タラ

アジ

サバ

ボラ

キス

ニシン

スプラット

コマイ

大きさ 数

風車15m

以内

風車20m

以遠 風車15m

以内

風車20m

以遠

Commercial fish, such as cod, was caught

more around the foundation while mackerel

and herring were caught more in open water.

＞

＞

＜

＜

＜

＜

＜

＞

5

盛り石

風車の基礎（パイル）

（出典：Monitoring and evaluation program near shore wind farm, IMARES Report , 2012）

The amount of fish varies?

6

Fishery cooperation activity such as

setting up a fish aggregating device,

or floating artificial reef, around the

floating wind turbine in order to increase

fish aggregation effectiveness.

（Photo and figure by Okabe Co., ltd)

Expectation for the fishing grounds creation

Statement of the Danish government about the

Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind Farm

Offshore Wind Farms and the Environment

Danish Experiences from Horns Rev and Nysted, 2006

7

＜鳥類＞

・鳥類の衝突リスクは低い。

・全体として鳥類の生息数に

対する影響はほとんどない。

＜海産哺乳類＞

・アザラシは杭打設作業時に影響あるも、それ以外、挙動に影響は見られない。・ ネズミイルカはHORNS REVでは、施工期間中

減少したが、運転期間中は再び増加した。

NYSTEDでは、施工期間中大幅に減少し、運転開始後2年間では若干の回復しかみられない。

＜底生生物＞

・風車基礎部および洗掘防止用構造物による大幅な変化が見られるが、種類数やバイオマスは増大している。

Horns Rev wind farm, Nysted wind farm

＜魚類＞

・風車基礎部人工魚礁群の完成後は、魚群に良い影響をもたらす新しい人工的な生態系が導入されている。

・電磁界の強さと魚類の挙動の間に関連はない。（海底送電ケーブルの影響はない）

Influence of the sound of the offshore

wind turbine on the marine species

（Source ： Cape wind energy project final environmental impact report 2007)

While mono-pile driving,

salmon start to escape

at 60m distance from

wind turbine.

Installation work

of wind turbine

should avoid

salmon fishing

season.

Influence of sound on

finfish is smaller than

the other species.

8

ハクジラ類

ヒゲクジラ類

アザラシ類

ウミガメ類

魚類 The sound is just 7 or 21 dB for finfish. It seems harmless.

9

Objectives: Effects of wind farm on upstreaming chum salmon

Offshore of Sanriku in

Tohoku area

Rebuilding after the

earthquake in 2011Considering to built windfarm

However, here is typical site of salmon spawning migration

To assess the effect

of sound generating

from windfarm on

the salmon

spawning behaviour

The audiogram of chum

salmon was measured.

Comparing the sound from

windfarm with the fish audiogram

Impact on the chum salmon of offshore wind turbine

10

Protocols of Auditory Brainstem Response Methods

Immobilization

Using muscle relaxant (gallamine triethiodide)

On the dorsal

Into the

ventral cavity

Injected 9.3 mg/ kg body weight

Fixed test fish in the tub immersing

water except head portion

Test fish survived more than 6 hours after immobilizing,

the the experiment was successfully conducted.

The site attaching electrodesBetween the eyes (recording) , and around 15

mm ahead from recording electrode (reference)

Air speakerMetal

mesh

Electrodes

Impact on the chum salmon of offshore wind turbines

11

Discussions: Characteristics of hearing ability of chum salmon

Comparing the salmon hearing sensitivity with other fishes

Using ABRUsing heart beat

intervals

Frequency (Hz)

Th

resh

old

s so

un

d p

ress

ure

(d

B)

Chum salmon Masu salmon

Rainbow troutCarp

Hearing thresholds in chum salmon was

higher in 100 – 300 Hz than other fishes

Differences of experimental conditions

Should use juvenile fish?

Should fix whole fish body under water?

Can chum salmon hear the sound generated from wind farm?

Hearing thresholds of chum

salmon

Pressure wave

Pressure wave and the

effect of particle motion

Example of foreign assessment of windfarm

When wind speed is 14 m/s, 83 m apart from the

generator which consists of 7.5 MW rotator

(Ingemansson Technology,2003)

Distance of range where particle motion arrive

Particle motion decreases to 1/10,000 after

progressing ½ wave length

180 Hz components was remarkable

in the noise, then the area inside 5 m

from sound source, particle motion

will be more dominant than pressure

wave

Cum salmon existing near the

windfarm may sense the sound

using lateral line?Frequency (Hz)

Th

resh

old

s so

un

d p

ress

ure

(d

B)

Impact on the chum salmon of offshore wind turbines

menu

１．Marine information services in real time basis

２. Utilization of offshore wind’s foundation for an artificial reef

２－１．For fisheries resource conservation

２－２．For fishing operation

３．Combination of aquaculture facilities for fishes, oysters and algae

４．Combination of fishing gears such as set net

５. Combination of recreational facilities

５－１． For recreational fishing park

５－２． For diving spot

６. Use of the electric power generated

６－１．Power supply to the fisheries and fisheries port facility

６－２．Electric fishing boat (e-boat)

７. Project participants of fishermen

７－１．Use of fishing boat for

Maintenance survey of wind turbines

Assistance to construction work of a wind farm

７－２．Investments in power generation project/business 12

２．For the Fisheries-Harmonious

Offshore Wind Farm

The proposal on Fisheries-Harmonious Alternative Menu for bottom-mounted 100MW Offshore Wind Farm

＜Specification＞ Generation capacity ・・・・・about 100MW (3.6MW ×28) Layout ・・・・ 2 rows (14 ×2). Divided into two blocks for vessel traffic. Project construction cost ・・・・・About 50 billion yen Distance & Depth ・・・・・nearshore side 2,000 m & Depth in 20m offshore side 3,200 m & Depth in 30m Distance between the wind turbines ・・・・・360m side by side and 1,200m between rows Foundation ・・・・・mono-pile for nearshore side, jacket structure for offshore side

・Taking into account the feasibility in the near future, not the floating type wind farm but the bottom-mounted wind farm is suitable.

・It is not examined upon some specific location but upon as a general case.

Premise for the proposal

13

Overall Image of the Fisheries-Harmonious Offshore Wind Farm

2. High-rise artificial fish reef

6. Power supply to the

fisheries facility

2. Sea-bottom artificial fish reef

1. Marine information services

4. Set net

2. Sea-bottom artificial

fish reef

3. Aquaculture facilities

2. Fish aggregating devices (FADs),

floating fish reef, payao

5. Recreational facilities

7. Project participants of

fishermen

Fishing boat

Fishing boat

14

5. Recreational facilities

Relationship between menu and coastal fishing

Coastal

Fisheries

Menu

Set net Gill net Purse Seine Long line Aquaculture

図：全国漁業就業者確保育成センターhp 図：全漁連ｈｐ 図：浜田市hp 図：長崎県ｈｐ 図：神奈川県hp

１．Marine information services in real time basis

〇 〇 〇 〇 〇

２. Utilization of offshore wind turbines’ foundation as an

artificial reef

〇 〇

〇 〇

〇 〇

〇 〇

－ －

３．Combination of aquaculture facilities for fishes, oysters and algae

－ － － － 〇

４．Combination of fishing gears such as set net

〇 △ － － －

５. Combination of recreational facilities (fishing park, diving

spot, etc,)

Use of fishing boat

Project participants of fishermen

６. Utilization of the electric power generated

Ice making facility

Refrigerators, etc.

７. Project participation by fishermen

Use of fishing boat for access, light inspection, etc

Project participants of fishermen

It is important to consider the menu in accordance with the actual situation of fishing operation in the target area. 15

Period: From August 23, 2013 (Friday) to October 25 (Friday), 2013

16

Target Number Responses Rate of

response

①Fishery-related

Organizations

Fishery cooperatives in the coastal

prefecture(39), JF Zengyoren, and

Japan Fisheries Association 41 16(3) 39.0%

②Companies Wind power industry

Marine industry 93 33 35.5%

③Coastal Prefectures

1. Fisheries department

39 26(1) 66.7%

2. Energy-related department 39 27(1) 69.2%

Total 212 102(5) 48.1%

** The number in parentheses is answers from non shipping address.

３．A questionnaire survey on this menu

Evaluation

Menu Very good Good Average Not good Bad

１．Marine information services in real time basis 27 34 27 4 0 ２－１．Artificial reef for fisheries resource

conservation 9 40 30 12 0 ２－２．Artificial reef for fishing operation 12 30 31 18 0 ３．Combination of aquaculture facilities 6 24 38 21 2 ４．Combination of fishing gears such as set net 5 16 37 26 7 ５－１．Combination of recreational facilities

(fishing park) 5 15 39 27 6 ５－２．Combination of recreational facilities

(diving spot) 2 12 46 23 9 ６－１．Use of the electric power generated

(for fisheries facility) 18 30 40 5 0 ６－２．Use of the electric power generated

(for electric fishing boat; e-boat) 8 31 37 12 4 ７－１．Project Participation

(Use of fishing boat for access, light

inspection and others) 27 25 32 7 0

７－２．Project Participation

(Investments in power generation business) 17 29 31 11 3

- Question -

We propose a set of alternative menu with 7 categories, 11 items.

Put your evaluation rate for each item of menu.

Note ; Pink shows top and yellow shows the second evaluation of each proposed menu.

17

（Total answers of all menu items.）

Evaluation

Menu Very good Good Average Not good Bad

１．Marine information services in real time basis 5 7 5 1 0

２－１．Artificial reef for fisheries resource

conservation 1 10 4 2 0

２－２．Artificial reef for fishing operation 2 7 4 4 0

３．Combination of aquaculture facilities 2 5 8 1 1

４．Combination of fishing gears such as set net 1 1 11 4 0

５－１．Combination of recreational facilities

(fishing park) 0 2 12 1 2

５－２．Combination of recreational facilities

(diving spot) 0 2 12 1 2

６－１．Use of the electric power generated

(for fisheries facility 3 6 7 1 0

６－２．Use of the electric power generated

(for electric fishing boat; e-boat) 2 3 7 5 0

７－１．Project Participation

(Use of fishing boat for access, light

inspection and others)

6 4 5 2 0

７－２．Project Participation

(Investments in power generation business) 1 3 8 3 2

Answer from fishery-related organizations

The display in yellow the highest rating votes of each menu plan.

18

4. The case study ; Hirono-cho, Iwate Prefecture

Number of

union

members

Quasi-

union

members

Owned

fishing

boat

main product

Production

value

(Millions of

yen)

Tane-ichi FC 291 82 120 Sea urchin,

Abalone, 322

Tamagawa-

hama FC 28 3 17 Sea urchin,

Abalone, Seaweed 47

Heruke FC 28 1 11 Sea urchin,

Abalone, Seaweed 45

Tane-ichi-

minami FC 275 69 103 Sea urchin,

Abalone, Salmon 668

Okonai-hama

FC 80 10 63 Sea urchin, Abalone,

Salmon, Seaweed 151

Fishery cooperatives(FC) in Hirono-cho

19

Date Place Content

1st

November 19,

2013

Hirono-cho

Cultural Center General description

Introduction of fisheries-harmonious

menu

2nd

February 13,

2014

Hirono-cho

Cultural Center Case study intermediate result report

Salmon audiogram report

3rd March 20, 2014 Hirono-cho

Cultural Center The introduction of the JF Zengyoren

efforts

Report the results of this year

Workshop on the wind farm project with local fishermen

Local needs in Hirono-cho on the menu

20

Menu Needs Comment of fisherman, etc.

１．Marine information services in real time

basis ◎ There was a need for data of wave height.

There was a suggestion of poaching surveillance camera from the

fishermen. ２－１．Artificial reef for fisheries resource

conservation ○ Reef for larvae of sea cucumber is useful.

２－２．Artificial reef for fishing operation ○ Sea-squirts substrate such as natural stone is useful.

３．Combination of aquaculture facilities ◎ Algae cultivation for food of sea urchin.

４．Combination of fishing gears such as set net × Set net fishermen do not accept the wind farm installation.

５－１．Combination of recreational facilities

(fishing park) ？

５－２．Combination of recreational facilities

(diving spot) × Fun-making, sport and recreational diving is not welcomed

because it may becomes abalone and/or sea urchin poaching ６－１．Use of the electric power generated

(for fisheries facility) ○ Fishermen feel beneficial if electricity is cheap.

６－２．Use of the electric power generated

(for electric fishing boat; e-boat) ？

７－１．Project Participation

(Use of fishing boat for access, light

inspection and others) ○

Fishermen’s concern is how frequently the fishing boats be used

and whether or not fishing boats be fit for such activities.

７－２．Project Participation

(Investments in power generation

business) ？

一共

第1号

一共

第2号

一共

第3号

一共

第4号

一共

第5号

一共

第6号

一共

第7号

一共

第8号

二共

第1号

Set net

一共

第9号

一共

第10号

Taneic

hi

Tam

agaw

a

Heru

ke Taneic

h m

inam

i

八木

Okonaih

am

a

角浜

平内

大谷

地

川尻

鹿糠

今回

のア

ワビ

今回

のア

ワビ

今回

の南

部潜

り

Set net fishermen pointed out these eight wind turbines would bring some impact on their catch.

21 （ Original layout of the above figure, 2MW× 41=820MW, by Report of NEDO, Offshore wind farm FS, Iwate Prefecture Hirono-cho, 2013 ）

(1) Proposed layout of wind turbines

22

Proposed Layout of offshore wind turbines by RIOE

Layout was changed to reduce 12 turbines, upon the needs and request of the local set net fishermen.

Size of wind turbines was also changed from 2MW to 3.6MW in order to cover the reduced turbines,

and, as a result, the total capacity of electric power generation increased. (3.6MW×30=108MW).

Both of fishermen and wind farm project sides were satisfied.

23

Camera visibility is 3km. The cameras from wind

farm can monitor wide view of the coast. Three

cameras are enough to cover the area.

Monitoring from the offshore side can provide

more effective watch, covering dead angle from

the coast .

Currently, surveillance camera monitoring has been working from a shed

along the coast to protect abalone fishing grounds of Hirono town and

fishing port Shukudo, as shown below. But it is not effective enough because

of the dead angles by the winding coastline

(2) Proposed Menu １）Installation of poaching surveillance

camera on the wind farm side

２）Foundation for Artificial fish Reef with natural stones

24

Jacket type foundation Mono-pile type foundation

Seabed Scour Control Systems Ltd.

http://www.portmillom.co.uk/Energy_Coast/energy_coast.html

NAUE Soft Rock® http://www.geosynthetica.net/an-alternative-for-alternative-energy/

＜Reference: Case of Scar protection ＞

3) Installation of artificial reef

for sea-squirts and sea

cucumber resource development (plus poaching surveillance cameras)

25

4) Kelp farming on the jacket

structure for bait to abalone

and sea urchin

餌用コンブの養殖 資源培養型魚礁の設置

26

5．Basic Concept ; from compensation to Collaboration （１）Scheme of Win-Win (benefit sharing) system; Both of wind farm developer

and fishermen enjoy the fruits of the project together.

（２）Contribution to the local coastal communities

（３）Transparency of consensus building process

Required basic attitude for initiation of wind farm project 1. Take care to avoid reverse impact on marine species and ecosystem.

2. Site selection must be oriented primarily non-fishing operation sea area first.

Required basic attitude for the wind farm developer and fishermen

For wind farm developer • should have the right and correct knowledge about fisheries and fishery rights.

• should contact fisherman as fore-runner of sea users with respectful manner.

• should promote and plug in the fisheries harmonious system positively.

• should consider to contribute to re-vitalization of local coastal fisheries and

communities.

For Fishermen • should understand the significance of marine renewable energy use, and should

be cooperative for wind farm project from the point of view of multiple sea use.

• should try to make use of the wind farm project to activate and vitalize coastal

fisheries sustainably as well as local communities.

27

Categorization of the fisheries harmonious menu 1. Menu to contribute directly to the fisheries operation

ex. Ocean data service in real time basis.

Resource development and fishing ground creation by

artificial reef installation,

Combination with aquaculture facilities

2. Menu to contribute secondary to the fisheries operation

ex. Employ fishing boats for access, light inspection work, others

Make use of wind farm for recreational fishing as side business.

3. Menu to contribute to enhance fisheries activity foundation

ex. Use of generated electricity to the ice-making facilities,

refrigerator, e-boats, etc.,

4. Participation to the wind farm project

ex. join the project as one of the partners (with investment?)

Necessary to make suitable arrangement of menu upon local

needs and situation.

Thank you

very much

for your attention

Research Institute

for

Ocean Economics

Website：www.rioe.or.jp

E-mail： rioe @ rioe.or.jp Tel : 03-3581-8777

Member List of RIOE’s study committee

Chair Prof. Emeritus Yuji Matsuyama, Tokyo Univ. of

Marine Science and Technology

Member

C. Arakawa, Professor, The University of Tokyo

J. Fujita, President, Fishing Boat & System Engineering Association

H. Nagai, Associate Professor, Nihon University

T. Nakao, Japan Wind Power Association

N. Nagaya, managing Director, JF Zengyoren

S. Shige, Executive Director, Japan Fisheries Association

H. Suzuki, Professor, The University of Tokyo

T. Waseda, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo

N. Yagi, Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo

K．Yasuda, Professor, Nagoya University

Participants from RIOE Member Companies

Fukada Salvage and Marine Works Co.Ltd

Hitachi Zosen Corporation Kajima Corporation

Kanso Technos

Kokusai Kogyo Co.Ltd

Nippon Steel and Sumikin Engineering Co. Ltd

Penta Ocean Construction Co．Ltd

Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co.Ltd

Observers

Headquarters of Ocean Policy, Cabinet Secretariat

Fisheries Agency

Natural Resource and Energy Agency

NEDO

And others

28