http://www.iai.int/index_body.htm

Outlook

• M-cities in South America

• Building inventories

• Inverse modeling

• Summary

Credit: C. Mayhew & R. Simmon (NASA/GSFC), NOAA/

NGDC, DMSP Digital Archive

South American Megacities

> 75% of South

Americans live in M-cities!!

In most cities, environmental policies are targeted at first towards diminishing acute health impacts

Sao Paulo, Brazil

Santiago, Chile

When the objectives become more ambitious (long-term impacts, more expensive and less obvious measures, etc.)•Emissions have to be more accurate and be used in combination with models•Regional monitoring networks are needed•Traffic emissions and planning become foci

2+2=4, right?

• SA M-cities concentrate population, environmental problems and resources

• M-cities are global change drivers

• This issue can merge efforts and strenghten the region

UMESAM-Objectives• To establish an international network of scientists able to

connect local air quality initiatives and global environmental change research in South America.

• To provide a common and comparable methodology that combines bottom-up and top-down inventory building techniques and that can be readily applied in South American cities for estimating, as a first

and triggering step, emission inventories for mobile sources.

• To reduce the uncertainties in emissions inventories of several major pollutants, including CO, NOx, particulate matter and GHGs, at both continental and urban scales, instrumental to air quality and climate modeling.

Atmospheric science Appl. MathematicsComputer ScienceMechanical & Chemical Engineering

+6 students

Started March 29 2004

UMESAM ACTIVITIES

• Measurent of vehicular activity and CO emission estimates in Lima, Sao Paulo, Santiago, Bogotá

• Direct and inverse simulations at various scales using CO observations as constrain

•Collaboration Network•Methodology•New inventories for mobile sources•Inventory Optimization•Training

Building inventories for mobile sources

Good statistics, traffic modeling and local emission factors, i.e., EXPENSIVE

•vehicle type•driving behavior•local conditions

E.g., Santiago’s and Sao Paulo’s already have Inventories!

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

CO HC NOx SO2 IP

Light Duty vehicles Heavy Duty vehicles Industrial emissions

Particles Resuspension Secondary aerosols

International Vehicle Emission Model (IVE)

1.Choose representative streets2.Determine fractions of vehicle technology classes

(video taping, parking lots survey)3.Identify main driving patterns (GPS)4.Determine start patterns

IVE: Unexpensive, Fast, Comparable

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

CO/10 VOC NOx PM*10 CO2/40

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iss

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Almaty

Lima

Los Angeles

Mexico

Nairobi

Pune

Santiago

+Bogotá

Inventories for Buenos Aires & Bogotá…ongoing!

Bogotá

Regional

Global

Modeling at various scales

LocalPétron et al, Longo et al, Muñoz et al

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Modeling

J1) Best Linear Unbiased Estimator

•It will be used to better estimate source strength and time variation for Santiago’s and Sao Paulo’s CO inventories

J2) Adjoint

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Improve inventories….optimal monitoring network design

…UMESAM is a pilot network project functional for better understanding (science) and management both at local (city-by-city) and regional/continental scales

•Common methodologies for building and evaluating emission inventories•Optimization of available inventories for Santiago and Sao Paulo•New inventories for Buenos Aires, Bogotá & Lima•A NETWORK IS AT WORK!!

http://www.cmm.uchile.cl/umesam/