Ottoman Empire

The Rise and Fall of the

Turkish Empire

Osman

• 1300s

• Built a small Muslim state in Anatolia (Turkey)

• Used gunpowder and cannon to conquer territory

Mehmed II

• 1451

• “The Conqueror”

• “Give me Constantinople”

• Took Constantinople controlling access to the Black Sea

• Opened the city to people of all faiths and rebuilt city called Istanbul

Suleyman

• 1520-1566 • The Lawgiver• The Magnificent• Expanded the empire to Belgrade in the

North and Tripoli to the West• Efficient government and social

organization• Code of laws for both criminal and civil

actions

Suleyman

• Limited taxes, and reduced government bureaucracy

• Took boys from conquered territories into army and educated

• Created elite force called Janissaries- loyal to the Sultan

• Freedom of worship to other religions under Islamic law

• Art, literature, and architecture flourished under him-Renaissance

Armenian Massacre

• Who were the Armenians a problem for?–Young Turks

• How did they deal with their problem?–Deportation, mass killings

(extermination)

Armenian Massacre

• What did the Armenian Christians ask for from the Ottoman Empire?– Civil Rights

– Equal rights as a Christian living under a Muslim theocracy

Armenian Massacre

• What is the term used for the solution to the Turkish problem?– Genocide

Ottoman Empire Falls

Losing Power

• After the death of Suleyman I in 1566 the empire began to weaken for the next 300 years

• Corruption

• Fell behind in modern technology

Geopolitics

• Europeans saw a weakened Ottoman Empire and started to make moves toward taking territory vital for access to sea trade

Crimean War

• Russia wanted a warm-weather port

• Black Sea was controlled by Ottomans

• 1853 War breaks out

• British and French helped Ottomans to keep Russia in check

Results of War

• Russia lost, but showed how weak the Ottomans were

• Russia aided Balkan states in rebellion against Ottomans

• Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkans and Africa

World War I

• Ottomans allied with Central Powers

• Allies wanted to open up Dardanelles Strait to get aid to Russia

• (Gallipoli Campaign) fought to a stalemate in 1915

Results of WWI

• Central Powers lost the war and the Ottoman Empire fell

• Treaty of Versailles forced Ottoman Empire to lose all territories except Turkey

Nationalism Rises

• 1922 Mustafa Kemal led nationalists in fighting the Greeks who had invaded in 1919

• 1923 Kemal became President of Republic of Turkey (overthrew Sultan)

• Goal to modernize the country

Reforms of Kemal

• Separated Islamic Law from laws of the nation

• Legal courts based on European law

• Women get right to vote and hold public office

• Government funded industrialization to spur economic growth

• Push toward Westernizing the country

Ataturk

• Kemal died in 1938 and given name ATATURK “Father of the Turks”

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