Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions

Levels of Organization in A & P

Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions

Homeostasis

Anatomical Position

Body Planes and Sections

Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Defininitions Anatomy

• The study of the

structure and shape

of the body and its parts

Physiology

• The study of how the body

and its parts work or function

Levels of Structural Organization

1. Atomic

2. Molecular3. Organelle

4. Cellular

5. Tissue

6. Organ 7. Organ system

8. Whole organism

Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions

Levels of Organization in A & P

Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions

Homeostasis

Anatomical Position

Body Planes and Sections

Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Organ System Overview Integumentary (Skin)

• Forms the external bodycovering

• Protects deeper tissue frominjury (heat, sunlight, chemicals) and infection

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneousnerve receptors

• Waterproof, keeps insides wet

Organ System Overview Skeletal

• Protects and supportsbody organs (e.g. the brain)

• Provides muscleattachment (anchoring framework)for movement

• Site of blood cellformation

• Stores minerals (e.g. calcium)

Organ System Overview Muscular

• Allows for locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Provides for some organ functions

• Produces heat

• Necessary Life function:

movement

Organ System Overview Nervous

• Fast-acting controlsystem, focused, and transient signaling

• Responds to internal andexternal change

• Activates muscles andglands

• Necessary Life function: Ability to sense changes and react (responsiveness)

Organ System Overview Endocrine

• Secretes regulatoryhormones

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

• Slower, longer lasting, and

broader signaling

• Necessary life function:

ability to react (responsiveness)

Organ Systems Cardiovascular

• Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes

• Certain blood cells defend the body from microbes

• Necessary Life function: delivery of nutrients

Organ Systems Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity (body defense)

Organ Systems Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

• Regulates the pH of the blood

• Gas exchange system

Organ Systems Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

• Necessary Life function: break-down of nutrients

Figure 1.2i

Organ Systems Urinary (Excretory)

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulates water and electrolytes

• Necessary life function: elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Figure 1.2j

Organ Systems

Reproductive

• Production of offspring

• Necessary Life Function: Making more individuals

Figure 1.2k

Other Necessary Life Processes and Functions

Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body (performed by all cells)

• Production of energy

• Making body structures

Growth (performed by most cells)

• Increasing of cell size and number

Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions

Levels of Organization in A & P

Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions

Homeostasis

Anatomical Position

Body Planes and Sections

Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment

= a dynamic state of equilibrium

Feedback Mechanisms Example of Negative feedback

2. RECEPTOR and

Low blood glucose

6. In response to high blood glucose, this system deliversNEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Feedback Mechanisms Examples of Positive feedback

Increasing levels of estrodiol (estrogen)and progesterone from ovary increase signal chemical output (LH and FSH)

Suckling and baby’s cries further increase the “let down”

of milk from the mammary glands

Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions

Levels of Organization in A & P

Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions

Homeostasis

Anatomical Position and Language

Body Planes and Sections

Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent

misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for:

• Position

• Direction

• Regions

• Structures

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional TermsTable 1.1 (cont)

Distal Far from the point of . attachment, at a “distance” The wrist is distal to the elbow

Superficial Towards the surface or outer layer The nipple is superficial to the milk-producing glands

Deep Away from the surface, inner layer The heart is deep to the breastbone

What are the adjectives that refer to these parts of the body?

Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions

Levels of Organization in A & P

Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions

Homeostasis

Anatomical Position

Body Planes and Sections

Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen

Body Planes

(a) Sagittal (longitudinal); If down midline is midsagittal or medial

Cavities of the Human Body

Two subcavities in dorsal (posterior)

Two-three subcavities in ventral (anterior)

What are the Quadrants and the 8 Divisions of the Anterior Abdomen?

Summary Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions

Levels of Organization in A & P

Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions

Homeostasis

Anatomical Position

Body Planes and Sections

Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen