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Transcript of Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions Levels of Organization in A & P ...
Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
Levels of Organization in A & P
Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions
Homeostasis
Anatomical Position
Body Planes and Sections
Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Defininitions Anatomy
• The study of the
structure and shape
of the body and its parts
Physiology
• The study of how the body
and its parts work or function
Levels of Structural Organization
1. Atomic
2. Molecular3. Organelle
4. Cellular
5. Tissue
6. Organ 7. Organ system
8. Whole organism
Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
Levels of Organization in A & P
Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions
Homeostasis
Anatomical Position
Body Planes and Sections
Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Organ System Overview Integumentary (Skin)
• Forms the external bodycovering
• Protects deeper tissue frominjury (heat, sunlight, chemicals) and infection
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
• Waterproof, keeps insides wet
Organ System Overview Skeletal
• Protects and supportsbody organs (e.g. the brain)
• Provides muscleattachment (anchoring framework)for movement
• Site of blood cellformation
• Stores minerals (e.g. calcium)
Organ System Overview Muscular
• Allows for locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Provides for some organ functions
• Produces heat
• Necessary Life function:
movement
Organ System Overview Nervous
• Fast-acting controlsystem, focused, and transient signaling
• Responds to internal andexternal change
• Activates muscles andglands
• Necessary Life function: Ability to sense changes and react (responsiveness)
Organ System Overview Endocrine
• Secretes regulatoryhormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
• Slower, longer lasting, and
broader signaling
• Necessary life function:
ability to react (responsiveness)
Organ Systems Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
• Certain blood cells defend the body from microbes
• Necessary Life function: delivery of nutrients
Organ Systems Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity (body defense)
Organ Systems Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
• Regulates the pH of the blood
• Gas exchange system
Organ Systems Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material
• Necessary Life function: break-down of nutrients
Figure 1.2i
Organ Systems Urinary (Excretory)
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base balance
• Regulates water and electrolytes
• Necessary life function: elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
Figure 1.2j
Organ Systems
Reproductive
• Production of offspring
• Necessary Life Function: Making more individuals
Figure 1.2k
Other Necessary Life Processes and Functions
Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body (performed by all cells)
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
Growth (performed by most cells)
• Increasing of cell size and number
Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
Levels of Organization in A & P
Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions
Homeostasis
Anatomical Position
Body Planes and Sections
Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
Feedback Mechanisms Example of Negative feedback
2. RECEPTOR and
Low blood glucose
6. In response to high blood glucose, this system deliversNEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Feedback Mechanisms Examples of Positive feedback
Increasing levels of estrodiol (estrogen)and progesterone from ovary increase signal chemical output (LH and FSH)
Suckling and baby’s cries further increase the “let down”
of milk from the mammary glands
Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
Levels of Organization in A & P
Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions
Homeostasis
Anatomical Position and Language
Body Planes and Sections
Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional TermsTable 1.1 (cont)
Distal Far from the point of . attachment, at a “distance” The wrist is distal to the elbow
Superficial Towards the surface or outer layer The nipple is superficial to the milk-producing glands
Deep Away from the surface, inner layer The heart is deep to the breastbone
What are the adjectives that refer to these parts of the body?
Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
Levels of Organization in A & P
Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions
Homeostasis
Anatomical Position
Body Planes and Sections
Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen
Body Planes
(a) Sagittal (longitudinal); If down midline is midsagittal or medial
Cavities of the Human Body
Two subcavities in dorsal (posterior)
Two-three subcavities in ventral (anterior)
What are the Quadrants and the 8 Divisions of the Anterior Abdomen?
Summary Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions
Levels of Organization in A & P
Organ Systems and Necessary Life Functions
Homeostasis
Anatomical Position
Body Planes and Sections
Regional Terms: Cavities and Abdomen