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Powerpoint Templates
WEEK 5:
ORGANIZING THE BODY OF THE SPEECH
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DISCUSSION
1.What is speech organization?
2.Why is speech organization important?
3.What patterns/orders of speech organization do you know?
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Watch a video. Remember to take notes on:- Definition of speech organization- Reasons why speech organization is
important- Methods of speech organization (Speech
organizational patterns)
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SPEECH ORGANIZATION
• Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
• Effectively taking the information one wishes to present and arranging it in a logical order
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Main idea
• The central purpose of your speech
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Main points
• The major points developed in the body of a speech
• Smaller chunks of information to break down the main idea
How many main points should a speech contain?- Maximum: 5 main points- But most speeches: two to three main
points
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Tips for Preparing Main Points
• Keep main points separate• Try to use the same pattern
of wording for main points• Balance the amount of time devoted to
main points
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WHY IS SPEECH ORGANIZATION IMPORTANT?
• The speaker’s credibility: A well-organized speech increased the audience’s belief on the speaker’s (and the speech itself) competence and trustworthiness
• Audience understanding: enjoyable, easier to understand and remember the speech well
• The speaker: boost confidence, and improve the ability to deliver a message fluently
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Chronological Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
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Chronological OrderSpecific Purpose: To inform my audience how the
Great Wall of China was built.
Main Points: I. Building of the Great Wall began during the Qin dynasty of 221-206 B.C.
II. New sections of the Great Wall were added during the Han dynasty of 206 B.C.-220 A.D.
III. The Great Wall was completed during the Ming Dynasty of 1368-1644.
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Spatial Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.
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Spatial OrderSpecific Purpose: To inform my audience about the
structure of a hurricane.
Main Points: I. At the center of a hurricane is the calm, cloud-free eye.
II. Surrounding the eye is the eyewall, a dense ring of clouds that produces the most intense wind and rainfall.
III. Rotating around the eyewall are large bands of clouds and
precipitation called spiral rain bands.
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Causal OrderA method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.
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Causal Order
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the possible causes for the collapse of Mayan civilization.
Main Points: I. Mayan civilization flourished for over a thousand years until 900 A.D., when it mysteriously
began to disintegrate. (EFFECT)
II. Scholars have advanced three major explanations for the
causes of this disintegration. (CAUSE)
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Problem-Solution Order
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence and seriousness of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
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Problem-Solution OrderSpecific Purpose: To persuade my audience that
legislation is needed to control the abuses of fraudulent charity fund-raisers.
Main Points: I. Fraudulent charity fund-raising has become a widespread national problem.
II. The problem can be solved by a
combination of government initiative and individual
awareness.
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Topical OrderA method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
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Topical OrderSpecific Purpose: To inform my audience about
the achievements of Ida Wells-Barnett.
Main Points: I. As a teacher, Wells-Barnett spoke out against inferior school facilities for African-American
children.
II. As a journalist, Wells-Barnett campaigned against lynching.
III. As a civic organizer, Wells- Barnett helped found the NAACP.
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Connective
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.
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Types of Connectives• Transition• Internal preview• Internal summary• Signpost
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Transition
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
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Transitions• Now that we have seen how
drinking too much is a serious problem for students and their communities, let us look at some causes.
• So much for the present; what about the future?
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Internal Preview
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
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Internal Preview“In discussing how Asian Americans have been stereotyped in the mass media, we’ll look first at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact today.”
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Transition Combined with an Internal Preview
(Transition): Now that we have seen how serious the problem of faulty credit reports is, let’s look at some solutions.
(Internal Preview): I will focus on three solutions—instituting tighter government regulation of credit bureaus, holding credit bureaus financially responsible for their errors, and giving individuals easier access to their credit reports.
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Internal Summary
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker’s preceding point or points.
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Internal Summary
“In short, palm reading is an ancient art. Developed in China more than 5,000 years ago, it was practiced in classical Greece and Rome, flourished during the Middle Ages, survived the Industrial Revolution, and remains popular today.”
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SignpostA very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.
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Signposts
The first cause of this problem is inefficient
agricultural production.
The second cause is recurrent drought in
the affected countries.
The final cause is mismanagement of
available food resources by local leaders.
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Discussion
1. What organization patterns should we use for informative speech?
2. What organization patterns should we use for persuasive speech?
Make a list
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ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS FOR INFORMATIVE SPEECH
• Chronological order• Spatial order• Causal order• Problem-solution order• Topical order
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Objects
• History or evolution of the object: chronological order
• Main features of your object: spatial order
• Subtopics: topical order
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Events
• History of an event: Chronological order
• A combination of angles: features, origins, implications, benefits, future developments, etc.: topical order
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Concepts
• Main features/aspects of a concept: Topical order
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ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS FOR PERSUASIVE SPEECH
Watch a video and take notes
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Question of facts
Usually: Topical order
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Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.
Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake.
II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen
soon.
III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.
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Questions of value
• Almost always: topical order- Establishing the standards for your value
judgement- Analysing the standards to the subject of
your speech
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Persuasive Speech on aQuestion of Value
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatcapital punishment is morally and legally wrong.
Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.”
II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.”
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Questions of policy
• Problem-solution order• Problem-cause – solution order• Comparative advantages order• Monroe’s motivated sequence
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Problem-Solution Order
Main point I: Documents the existence
of a problem.
Main point II: Presents a solution to the
problem.
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Problem-Solution OrderSpecific Purpose: To persuade my audience that
the use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is creating health and
environmental problems.
Main Points: I. The use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is a serious problem.
II. Solving these problems requires a combination of government and consumer action.
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Problem-Cause-Solution Order
Main point I: Documents the existence
of a problem.
Main point II: Analyzes the causes of the
problem.
Main point III: Presents a solution to the
problem.
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Problem-Cause-Solution Order
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatthe age for full motor-vehicle driving privileges should be raised to 18.
Main Points: I. The number of accidents and death involving teenage drivers is a serious national problem.
II. There are four main causes of the problem.
III. We can help solve these problems by raising the age for full driving privileges.
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Comparative Advantages Order
Each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other potential solutions.
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Comparative Advantages Order
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatthe U.S. space program shouldput greater priority on unstaffedscientific missions.
Main Points: I. Unstaffed scientific missions are less costly than staffed space flights.
II. Unstaffed scientific missions provide more practical benefits than staffed space flights.
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Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
A five-step sequence designed especially for organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.
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Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Provide a solution to the need
Satisfaction:
Show the need for changeNeed:
Gain the attention of the audience
Attention:
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Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Urge the audience to take action in support of the solution
Action:
Intensify desire for the solution by visualizing its benefits
Visualization:
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HOMEWORK
• Before Thursday 23/10/2014: finalizing your speech topics (based on your teacher’s comments)
• After Thursday 23/10/2014: do research and choose an organizational pattern for your speech. Post the outline of your speech BODIES to the course online. Deadline: 24:00 Sunday 26/10/2014