Post on 18-Jan-2018
description
Organic Molecules
Biology 1
Organic Molecules…
• So we talked about atoms…• We go up to the next level…
–MOLECULES!!!!!
Organic Molecules
• Molecules from living things that contain carbon!!– Carbon possess four valence electrons
Three reasons carbon molecules are so complex…
1. The four valence electrons allow to form four bonds
2. Carbon can bond to other carbon as well as different atoms
3. Carbon can bond in many different positions creating different shaped molecules (which determine function)
Before you can understand the topics Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key in this unit there are some key
vocabulary terms you need to know.vocabulary terms you need to know.
MacromoleculeMacromoleculePolymerPolymerMonomerMonomer
What do these words mean?
So What Is A Macromolecule?A macromolecule is a very large molecule commonly created by some form of polymerization.
A monomer is an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer
Next Word…..
Polygons
PolygamyPolyester
What does Polymer mean?
A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units
Monomer (1 unit) = M (BRI CK) Polymer (many monomers) = M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M (ROOM)
M-M-M-M-M Macromolecule (multiple polymers) (FHC) M-M-M-M-M-M M-M-M M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M
Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules
can be found on food nutrition labels…
Keep the following in mind when studying this material:
Nucleic Acids What they look likeCarbohydrates What they do/Where are theyLipids What are they made up of-
at the level of atomsProteins
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can
be found in foods. The 3 biochemical moleculesfound on a nutrition label
are:1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
The 4th type of biochemical
macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDSThe types of Nucleic Acids
–DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)–RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)
“DNA” is short for DeoxyriboNucleic Acid• Now you know why they just call it DNA!
When studying these biochemical molecules, we are interested in
finding out…..• what they do for living things.• what they generally look like.• what their monomers are.• and how they may help the body gain
energy to sustain life.
Lets Begin with LIPIDS!
They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.They produce hormones for the body called STERIODSThey waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”
LIPIDS…Some interesting info
•Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
• The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
•Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
•Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive
LIPIDS…Some interesting info
There are many different types of There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common functions vary. Some common steroids are:steroids are:
SEX STEROIDSSEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC ANABOLIC STERIODSSTERIODS
CHOLESTEROLCHOLESTEROLLike testosterone Like testosterone and estrogenand estrogen
They increase They increase musclemuscle
LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Some anabolic Some anabolic steroids are steroids are illegalillegal
And can be dangerous and very unhealthy
NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE BODY INCREASE MUSCLE
GROWTH AND BONE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE
GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE
BAD.BAD.
Very Common Effects of Illegal SteroidsVery Common Effects of Illegal Steroids If used when the person is still growing, they will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids will decrease bone growth.Males will experience shrinking of the testicles, and with prolongeduse, the steroid will be turned into estrogen in the male body and it will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest, otherwise known as breasts.If genetically predisposed to becoming bald, balding will happen more quickly.If clean needles are not readily
available, there is a significantly higher risk of getting AIDS.Future risks of liver cancer & disease.
Enlarged heart which can lead to death
Illegal Steroid Use in WomenSome additional effects…
Breasts will decrease in size, the opposite of what happens to men.The woman will start to grow facial hair, how quickly depends on her genetic makeup. If she discontinues use, the facial hair will still continue to grow.If she is genetically predisposed to balding, she will start to lose her hair, just as if she was genetically male.
Her voice will start to deepen, how quickly depends on her genetics. If she discontinues use, her voice will remain deep.
LIPIDS
•In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•In animals- in adipose tissue, In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animalsconnective tissue, in animals------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•Lipids make up the cell Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells. membrane of all cells.
LIPIDS
LIPIDS
Lipids are chains (polymers) Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most made of monomers. The most
common monomer of lipids common monomer of lipids is…is…
The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E
This is a triglyceride molecule
Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.
www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_02/3_16.gif
LIPIDS
Each lipid is made up of…Each lipid is made up of…
THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”
OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
“CHO”
A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C6H12O6
(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol
CARBOHYDRATES
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS
CARBOHYDRATES
•In plant foods- in the cell In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)cookies)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•In animal products- in MILKIn animal products- in MILK
CARBOHYDRATES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES
SimpleSimple ComplexComplex
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are chains Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of
monomers. The most common monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates monomer of carbohydrates
is…is…
The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring
CARBOHYDRATES
Each carbohydrate is made up Each carbohydrate is made up of…of…
THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”
NOW ONTO PROTEINS
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in themThey make up antibodies in the immune systemThey make up enzymes for helping chemical reactionsThey makeup non-steriod hormones whichTHINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”
MORE ON PROTEINS…
The following slides The following slides give you a little more give you a little more
in depth info on in depth info on things that are made things that are made
of proteins…of proteins…
Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this…
Well, maybe not exactly…Well, maybe not exactly…
Hair, Skin, and Nails
Microscope View ofSkin and Nails
This is skin This is a nail
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesn’t leak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.
The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.
Antibodies are part of the immune system. When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be
there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. When a white blood cell
finds the invader covered with antibodies, it knows it doesn’t belong there and kills it.
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. If you didn’t have enzymes in your
stomach to speed up digestion, the food would rot in your stomach because it would take so long!
Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are prepared in one place in the body and then travel into the bloodstream to be used in
another.
These are where thehormone producing glands are locatedin your body.
The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box. Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone.
Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy. If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be
very thin and have a hard time putting on weight.
If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.
Don’t be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are it’s actually your eating and exercise habits!
(The yellow stuff isthyroid hormone)
PROTEINS
•In plant foodsIn plant foods- - in the cell in the cell membranes membranes
•In animal productsIn animal products- - in the cell in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…things- cows, chicken, fish…
Proteins
Proteins
Aside from the protein Aside from the protein found in animal sources…found in animal sources…protein can also be found in protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)(it just does not have as many amino acids)
PROTEINS
Proteins are made of long Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are monomers. All proteins are
made of the monomer…made of the monomer…
http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/programs/dept/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png/483px-Amino_acids_2.png
The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of
stringAmino
Acid chain
All wound
up
PROTEINS
Each protein is made up of…Each protein is made up of…
THINK: “CHONS”THINK: “CHONS”
FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS
DNADNA RNARNA
Nucleic Acids
1) DNA• Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are
made of DNA.• Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make
proteins for your body.
2) RNA• Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes
the proteins for your body.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
•In plants- inside the nucleus In plants- inside the nucleus of the cellsof the cells•------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------•In animals- inside the nucleus In animals- inside the nucleus of each cellof each cell•------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic Acids are chains Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of
monomers. Nucleic acids are monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of made up of
Which are nitrogen bases…Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more something we will learn more
about when we study DNAabout when we study DNA
The shape of a nucleic acid is:
Nucleic Acids
Each nucleic acid is made up Each nucleic acid is made up of…of…
THINK: “PONCH”THINK: “PONCH”
ENERGY
Three of the BIG 4 provide Three of the BIG 4 provide us with energy through the us with energy through the food we eat:food we eat:BIG 4
MACROMOLECULESNumber of Calories it
provides
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
ENERGY
Energy that is gained by Energy that is gained by consuming food is called a consuming food is called a
Energy that we gain by the consumption of food is measured in Calories.
If you drink a glass of skim milk, you will get a gain of 90 Calories of energy for your body.
Energy Gained From Carbohydrates
Eating 1 gram of carbohydrate provides your body with 4 Calories.
ENERGY So…So…
BIG 4 MACROMOLECULES
Number of Calories it provides
Carbohydrates 4
Proteins 4
Lipids 9
Nucleic Acids 0
TEST: TEST: Are you smart? If you eat a sandwhich with 46 grams of carbs and 24 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat, how much energy
will you gain?
The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules
• Dehydration Synthesis: the process of making a larger molecule from 2 or more small molecules/monomers– One monomer loses a hydrogen ion (H+) and
another loses a hydroxide (OH-)
The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules
– The loss of H+ and OH- (H2O) makes valence electrons available for bonds to form
– As a result of dehydration synthesis, the monomers lose or give off energy
The Making and Breaking of Organic Molecules
– Also known as a dehydration reaction
• The process of making 2 or more smaller molecules from a larger molecule
• One product with gain a hydrogen (H+) and the other gains a hydroxide ion (OH-)
• As a result of hydration synthesis monomers gain or store energy.
• Also referred to as a hydrolysis reaction– Water is added
End Show
Slide 84 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 85 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 86 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemical Reactions
Some chemical reactions occur slowly, such as the combination of iron and oxygen to form an iron oxide called rust.
Other reactions occur quickly. For example, when hydrogen gas is ignited in the presence of oxygen, the reaction is rapid and explosive.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 87 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemical Reactions
The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as reactants.
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 88 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemical Reactions
What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 89 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions always involve changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 90 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy in Reactions
Energy in Reactions
Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken.
Because chemical reactions involve breaking and forming bonds, they involve changes in energy.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 91 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy in Reactions
How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 92 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy in Reactions
Energy Changes
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 93 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy in Reactions
When hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen to produce water vapor, it is an energy-releasing reaction in which energy is given off as heat.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Reversing this reaction would require the addition of large amounts of energy.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 94 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy in Reactions
In order to stay alive, organisms need to carry out reactions that require energy.
Because matter and energy are conserved in chemical reactions, every organism must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions.
Plants get their energy from the sun.
Animals get their energy from eating plants or other animals.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 95 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy in Reactions
Activation Energy
Chemical reactions that release energy do not always occur spontaneously.
Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the activation energy.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 96 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy in Reactions
Activation energy is a factor in whether the overall chemical reaction releases energy or absorbs energy.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 97 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
Enzymes
Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue.
These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 98 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.
Catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 99 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
Why are enzymes important to living things?
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 100 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
Enzymes act by lowering the activation energy.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 101 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
Lowering the activation energy has a dramatic effect on how quickly the reaction is completed.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 102 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
Enzymes are very specific, generally catalyzing only one chemical reaction.
For this reason, part of an enzyme’s name is usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 103 of 34
Lactase - breaks down lactose (milk sugars)Diastase - digests vegetable starchSucrase - digests complex sugars and starchesMaltase - digests disaccharides to monosaccharides (malt sugars)Invertase - breaks down sucrose (table sugar)Glucoamylase - breaks down starch to glucoseAlpha-glactosidase - facilitates digestion of beans, legumes, seeds, roots, soy products, and underground stemProteases - breaks down proteins found in meats, nuts, eggs, and cheese
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 104 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzyme Action
Enzyme Action
For a chemical reaction to take place, the reactants must collide with enough energy so that existing bonds will be broken and new bonds will be formed.
If reactants do not have enough energy, no reaction will take place.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 105 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzyme Action
The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react, reducing the energy needed for reaction.
The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 106 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzyme Action
The substrates glucose and ATP bind to the active site on the enzyme, hexokinase, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The fit is so precise that the active site and substrates are often compared to a lock and key.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 107 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzyme Action
The enzyme and substrates remain bound together until the reaction is done and the substrates are converted to products.
The products of the reaction are released and the enzyme is free to start the process again.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 108 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzyme Action
An Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 109 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzyme Action
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Enzymes can be affected by any variable that influences a chemical reaction.
Enzymes work best at certain pH values.
Many enzymes are affected by changes in temperature.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 110 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
Cells can regulate the activities of enzymes.
Most cells contain proteins that help to turn key enzymes “on” and “off” at critical stages in the life of the cell.
End Show
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Slide 111 of 34
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Enzymes
Enzymes play essential roles in:
• regulating chemical pathways.
• making material that cells need.
• releasing energy.
• transferring information.