ONE HEALTH CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES

Prof. Robinson Mdegela (SUA)

ADVANCING ONE HEALTH APPROACH IN TANZANIA

04/21/23

Prof. Robinson H. Mdegela Sokoine University of AgricultureP. O. Box 3021MorogoroTanzaniaTel: +255 23 260 45 42Fax: +255 23 260 46 47E-mail: mdegela@suanet.ac.tz rmdegela@yahoo.comWeb: www.suanet.ac.tz

Background The time we live is characterized by an unprecedented

increase in the emergence of new health threats in humans animals and in the environment

Underlying this “new dynamic” of shared risk are five key “drivers” that converge at the “human-animal-ecosystem” interface

Globalization Population growth Economic growth Food security Changing habitats

DRIVERS FOR EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Main driversDemography

Modern transportation

Climate and environmental changes

Lack of efficient public health infrastructure

INCREASED HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS

GEOGRAPHICAL HOTSPOTS FOR EMERGING PANDEMIC THREATS

Animal Amplification

The “ecology” of disease emergence ….. at the “animal-human-ecosystem” interface”

CASES

TIME

SPILL OVER

Humans

Wild Animals

Domestic Animals

SPILL OVER

SPILL O

VER

CASES

TIME

Current Model for Outbreak Detection and Response

Detection

Lab Confirmation

Response

First Case

Human Cases

Wild Animal

Domestic Animal

Animal Amplification

Human Amplification

SPILL OVER

SPILL OVER

SPILL OVER

TIME

CASES

Wildlife Surveillance/ Forecasting

Early Detection

One Health – takes public health as part of a larger “ecosystem”

Control Opportunity

In order to prevent EPT

Human Cases

Wild Animal

Domestic Animal

Animal Amplification

Human Amplification

SPILL OVER

TIME

CASES

Wildlife Surveillance/ Forecasting Control

Opportunity

Early Detection

SPILL OVER

SPILL OVER

One Health Model: Projected Impact

Animal Amplification

Human Cases

Wild Animal

Domestic Animal

TIME

CASES

Wildlife Surveillance/ Forecasting Control

Opportunity

Early Detection

One Health Model: Projected Impact

SPILL OVER

The principle scheme of responses in organisms towards the detrimental effects caused by agent

exposure

increased exposure

(dose and time)Early warning signsExposure responses

Homeostasisnormal range

Response

Observabledetrimentaleffects

Noobservabledetrimentaleffects

Disease outbreaks

Increasedsusceptibilityto diseases

Reducedlifespan

12

GEOGRAPHICAL HOTSPOTS FOR EMERGING PANDEMIC THREATS

ONE HEALTH CONCEPT

What is One Health?Who promotes one health?Why are you here?

One Health

An interdisciplinary strategy to address health from an integrated perspective rather than a discipline-based fragmented perspective

Is not a discipline, rather an approach

History of One Health

Started in 460 BC

Pope Clement XI instructed his physician, Dr. Giovanni Maria Lancisi, to do something about rinderpest

Rinderpest is a highly fatal viral disease of cattle that was devastating the human food supply

The Italian physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720), devised approaches for controlling rinderpest in cattle

Animal Disease Control Measures

Lancisi recommended all diseased and suspect animals be killed

The principle was a milestone in controlling the spread of contagious diseases in animals

One Health in the 19th Century

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902)

A German physician and pathologist

“Between animal and human medicine there are no dividing lines--nor should there be.”

PYRAMID FOR HUMAN RESOURCE BASE FOR ONE HEALTH, AND ECOHEALTH

EcsEcs

Comm’Comm’

Subatomic particlesSubatomic particles

Popln’Popln’

IndividualsIndividuals

ColoniesColonies

Single celled organisms

Single celled organisms

Organelles Organelles Complex molecules Complex molecules

Molecules Molecules

Atoms Atoms R

elev

ance

of

hum

an r

esou

rce

to s

olve

cha

llen

ges

Eas

y of

obt

aini

ng

data

Tim

e to

com

plet

e re

sear

ch

Pre

sent

sta

tus

of k

now

ledg

e

Upstream paradigm shift using OHA

Manage diseases and infections in humans

Prevent transmission and prevent emergence

Control measures in animal population

Pathogen circulating in animals

Disease Emergence

Disease impact in human population

Paradigm shift from down stream to upstream

Downstream approach in silos

CHALLENGES TO FORGING ONE HEALTH ALLIANCES

Policy Lack of policy frameworks that enable cross-sectoral collaboration

Institutional Clustering of sectoral expertise in different organizational units

Strategic Each unit has distinct mandates and responsibilities (silos)

Operational Funding and human resource streams are sector specific

Technical Emphasis is on professional specialties as opposed to a broader

understanding and vision of OH

Integrated service learning model for community engagement using One Health Approach

ConclusionWhy One Health

One Health is modern toolkit for solving health challenges

Single discipline study/approachApplicable for solving simple problem: a puzzle solving

approach

One HealthComplicated problem demanding application of knowledge

from different disciplines Is an approach and not a stand alone discipline

ConclusionWhat Does a One Health Approach Enable

A strategic recognition of the connection between human, animal and environmental health

A more efficient alignment of limited human, financial and material resources

The opportunity to build systems that enable not just earlier detection of emerging threats to human, animal and environmental health but to mobilize interventions to mitigate their potential emergence and spread

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

Prof. Robinson H. Mdegela Sokoine University of AgricultureP. O. Box 3021MorogoroTanzaniaTel: +255 23 260 45 42Fax: +255 23 260 46 47E-mail: mdegela@suanet.ac.tz rmdegela@yahoo.comWeb: www.suanet.ac.tz