Post on 02-Sep-2018
On-board Emission Measurement from the World’s Largest Heavy Haulers
Xiaoliang Wang (xiaoliang.wang@dri.edu)Judith C. ChowJohn G. WatsonSteven D. KohlSteven Gronstal
Desert Research InstituteNevada System of Higher Education
Reno, NV, U.S.A.
Presented atA&WMA International Specialty Conference: Leapfrogging
Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement
May 13, 2010
Background: Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) Reserve: 1.7 trillion barrels of bitumen Production: 1.3 million barrels per day in 2008
Wikipedia: “Athabasca Oil Sands”
Example of Emissions from One AOSR FacilityMine fleet is a major contributor to CO, NOx, and PM in oil sand operations
Sources CO H2S NOx TPM PM10 PM2.5 SO2 VOC
Biomass combustion 3466 0 99 396 313 178 10 446
Flaring 216 5 40 1 1 1 2015 50
Fuel combustion-Cogeneration 574 0 1296 13 13 13 42 19
Fuel combustion-Gasoline light vehicle fleet 203 0 271 17 17 16 2 350
Fuel combustion-Mine mobile fleet 7688 0 9037 213 205 192 12 317
Fuel combustion-Process 23990 0 10289 2582 1540 524 76104 151
Fugitive 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 32859
Process venting 138 6 0 22 13 4 0 7
All 36276 30 21033 3245 2102 929 78185 34199
Mine fleet% 21% 0% 43% 7% 10% 21% 0% 1%
Source: Clearstone Engineering Ltd. Report (2006).
Emission in tons (2003)
Compliance testing do not represent real-world emissions
• To be in compliance with emission standards requires compliance emission rates.
• Source-oriented dispersion modeling and Receptor-oriented source apportionment modeling require real-world emission rates.
• Forest and health effects studies require real-world emission rates and source profiles.
Real-world emissions are needed for all but certification and compliance!
Objectives• Design and test an on-board system that
measures engine emissions under real-world operations.
• Measure real-wold emission factors of criteria and non-criteria air pollutants.
• Obtain VOC and PM2.5 source profiles.
Vehicle: Caterpillar 797B Heavy Hauler
Parameter Specification
Introduction to Service 2002
Nominal Payload Capacity 345 tons
Gross Operating Weight 624 tons
Engine Power 3,370 hp (2,513 kW)
Displacement 117.1 L
Top Speed (Loaded) 42 mph (68 km/h)
Fuel Capacity 1,800 US gal (6,814 liter)
CAT 797 series are among the world’s largest heavy haulers.
Schematics of the On-board Emission Measurement System
Muffler
ElbowConnector Engine
Exhaust
ThermocoupleOmega TJ36-CASS-116U-6-SB
For Exhaust T URG-2000-30ENG
Cyclone7.1 µm Cut
0.8 L/min
ResidenceChamber
PM2.5 impactor
Teflon + Citric acid (mass, babs, element,
isotope, NH3)
Pump
Quartz + K2CO3 (Ions, WSOC, carbohydrates, organic acids, HULIS, SO2)
Quartz + AgNO3 (EC/OC, markers, H2S)
Nuclepore (Lichen study)
5 L/
min
5 L/
min
5 L/
min
5 L/
min
Filtersampler
Flow meter
Box 3: Integrated Sample Module
TSI DustTrak DRX(PM1, PM2.5, PM4,
PM10, PM15)
3 L/
min
0.05
L/m
in
Magee AE51(BC)
0.7
L/m
in
TSI CPC 3007(Concentration 0.01-1 µm)
Grimm 1.108 OPC(Size distribution
0.3-25 µm)
1.2
L/m
in
Box 4: Real Time PM Module
PP S
yste
ms
CO
2 sen
sors
Testo 350(CO, CO2, NO, NO2,
SO2, O2,T, P)
PID 102+(VOC)
0.16
L/m
in
1 L/
min
0.01
L/m
in
Box 2: Real Time Gas Module
Filter
1 liter Canister
(CH4, C2-C12)
1 L/
min
Dilu
ted
1 L/
min
Und
ilute
d1
L/m
in
Bac
kgro
und
DryerHEPA
HEPAFilter
Activated CharcoalAir
Compressor Valve
32 L/min
6.0
L/m
in
Makeup FlowFor Balance
Flowmeter
4.95 L/min26 L/min
2.17 L/min
33.12 L/min
Dilutor
Box1: Sample Conditioning
Box5: Battery
CAT 797B HaulerExhaust Pipe
On-board Emission Measurement System
Sample IntroductionDilutor
ResidenceChamber Dilution Air
Introduction
AirCompressor Valve Flowmeter
CarbonFilter
HEPAFilter
Stream for Undiluted
CO2
Dryer TeflonFilter
Cyclone
Stream toBox 2
Stream toBox 3
Stream toBox 4
Stream to Background
CO2
Testo 350 CO2 Sensors PID Analyzer
Filter PacksCanisterPump for Makeup Flow Flowmeters
Pumps
CPC DRX OPCComputer Deep Cycle Marine Battery
Voltage Regulator
Battery Monitor
Example of Time Series of Emission Concentrations
CO2 (ppm)
0200004000060000
NumberConcentration
(cm-3)01e+72e+73e+74e+7
Black CarbonConcentration
(mg/m3)0
20
40
PM2.5 Concentration(mg/m3)
010203040
CO(ppm)
0200400600
NO(ppm)
02004006008001000
NO2
(ppm)0
20
40
60
Engine Speed(rpm)
500
1000
1500
2000
Dumpingoil sand
Idle Leavingparking lot
Waiting to load
Backingto shovel
Leaving with load
Waitingto load
Leaving with load
Backingto shovel
y = 0.0092x + 6.89R2 = 0.65
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2000 4000 6000 8000CO2 (ppm)
NO (p
pm)
y = 16.04x + 2.83R2 = 0.60
0
40
80
120
-1 0 1 2 3 4Black carbon (mg/m3)
CO (p
pm)
y = 1.97x + 0.11R2 = 0.57
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-1 0 1 2 3 4Black carbon (mg/m3)
PM2.
5 (m
g/m
3 )
Sub-activity Engine Conditions and Emission Factors
0
20
40
60
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
NO
Em
issi
on (g
/kg
fuel
) NO
0.0E+00
4.0E+14
8.0E+14
1.2E+15
1.6E+15
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
Num
ber E
mis
sion
(#/k
g fu
el)
Particle number
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck OperationPM
2.5 E
mis
sion
(g/k
g fu
el)
PM2.5 (DRX)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
Engi
ne S
peed
(rpm
)
Engine speed
0
30
60
90
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
Eng
ine
Load
(%)
Engine load
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
Exha
ust T
(C)
Exhaust temperature
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
CO
Em
issi
on (g
/kg
fuel
)
CO
0
5
10
15
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
NO
2 Em
issi
on (g
/kg
fuel
)
NO2
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Idle Load to dump Dump to load
Truck Operation
BC E
mis
sion
(g/k
g fu
el) BC
Comparison of CAT 797B to EPA Tier 1 Standards
Species Emission Factor (g/kg fuel)
EPA Tier 1 (g/kg fuel)
Emission Rate (kg/day)
Emission Rate (ton/year)
Gases
CO2 3147 6 14767 28 5390 10
CH4 1.6 0.6 7.6 2.6 2.8 0.9
CO 8.5 3.8 51.0 39.7 17.6 14.5 6.4
NO 31.0 5.1 145.5 23.7 53.1 8.7
NO2 3.6 1.2 16.8 5.5 6.1 2.0
NOx 34.6 6.0 41.2 162.3 28.3 59.2 10.3
SO2 (5.3 6.3)×10-3 (2.5 2.9) ×10-2 (9.2 1.1) ×10-2
H2S (4.3 6.4) ×10-5 (2.0 3.0) ×10-4 (7.4 1.1) ×10-4
NH3 (7.2 15) ×10-5 (3.4 7.1) ×10-4 (1.2 2.6) ×10-4
NMHC (8.7 3.1) ×10-2 5.8 0.41 0.14 0.15 0.05
PM
Number (2.4 3.0) ×1015 (1.1 1.4) ×1019 (4.0 5.2) ×1021
PM2.5 0.62 0.26 2.4 2.92 1.24 1.07 0.45
BC 0.49 0.11 2.32 0.51 0.85 0.19
Assumed: Fuel consumption rate 5520 L/day; Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) 0.223 kg/kW-hr or 0.367 lb/hp-hr.
Alkanes and alkenes ~30-60%, and aromatics ~10% of NMHC
Compound Abundance
Ethylene 0.255 0.046
n-Heptane 0.111 0.128
Propylene 0.100 0.022
Acetylene 0.058 0.022
1-Butene 0.057 0.026
Ethane 0.046 0.037
Toluene 0.036 0.010
n-Decane 0.032 0.018
1-Pentene 0.022 0.007
n-Nonane 0.021 0.016
n-Butane 0.018 0.014
isobutylene 0.017 0.004
Benzene 0.017 0.008
2-Methyl-1-Pentene 0.016 0.006
n-Undecane 0.014 0.005
m/p-Xylene 0.014 0.005
n-Hexane 0.014 0.006
Propane 0.012 0.009
m-Ethyltoluene 0.012 0.006
n-Pentane 0.012 0.005
1-heptene 0.010 0.004
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Alkanes&cycloalkanes
Alkenes Acetylene Aromatics
NMHC Compound Group
Con
cent
ratio
n N
orm
aliz
ed to
Sum
of P
AM
S
Site SSite A
Abundance is normalized to the sum of 55 photochemical assessment monitoring station (PAMS) compounds
Highlighted are the EPA mobile source air toxics (MSATs).
Carbonaceous species account for ~87% of PM2.5
OC27%
EC60%
Elements1%
Soluble ions3%
Unidentified9%
Na+
K+
OC
P
SCl
Ca
Sc
Ti
Fe Cu
Zn
Ga
SrZr Nb Ag Sn
Ba
Au
EC
Ca2+Mg2+
NH4+
PO43-
NO2-
NO3-
SO42-
Mo
Si
K
Sb LaSm
EuUr
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Chemical Species
Chem
ical
Abu
ndan
ce (%
)
Site A
Summary
• An on-board system was designed and deployed to measure emissions from CAT 797B mining trucks under real-world operations.
• CAT 797B Emission factors were below the EPA Tier 1 standards for CO, NOx, NMHC and PM.
• Source profiles found abundant alkanes and alkenes in NMHC, and OC and EC in PM2.5.
Acknowledgements
• Sponsor: Wood Buffalo Environmental Association (WBEA).
• Valuable discussions and field testing coordination: Dr. Allan Legge (including project initiation), Drs. Kevin Percy, and Yu-Mei Hsu, Ms. Carna MacEachern, Ms. Simone Balaski, and environmental officers at each company.
Filter packsPM2.5 Impactor
Mass, light transmission,
rare-earth elements, elements, isotopes
Channel 1 (5 L/min)
Citric acid-impregnated
cellulose-fiber filter
NH3 as NH4+
PM2.5 Impactor
Ions (Cl-,NO2-, NO3
-, PO4
=, SO4=, NH4
+,Na+, Mg++, K+, Ca++),
total WSOC, WSOC classesa,Carbohydrates, organic acids,
HULIS
Channel 2 (5 L/min)
Potassium carbonate-
impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
SO2 as SO4=
a Neutral compounds (NC) Mono/dicarboxylic acids (MDA) Polycarboxylic acids (PA)
PM2.5 Impactor
OC, EC, carbon fractions, carbonate,
~130 alkanes, alkenes, PAHs, hopanes, and
steranes
Channel 3 (5 L/min)
Silver nitrate-impregnated
cellulose-fiber filter H2S as S
Teflon-membrane filter
Quartz-fiber filter Quartz-fiber filter
PM2.5 Impactor
Lichen study mass and elemental analysis or
morphological analysis
Channel 4 (5 L/min)
Nuclepore Polycarbonate filter
Filter Analysis Chemical
Analysisa
Nuclepore polycarbonate-membrane filter
Silver nitrate-impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
K2CO3-impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
Citric acid-impregnated cellulose-fiber filter
Quartz-fiber filter
Quartz-fiber filter
Teflon-membrane filter
~1-2 cm2 punch
0.5 cm2 punch
½ filter extracted in 20 ml distilled-deionized water (DDW)
XRF for 51 elementsb
Acid Digestion
ICP-MS for rare-earth elements and isotopesd
OC, EC, carbon fractions, carbonate by thermal/optical carbon
Organic Markers by TD-GC/MSc
Ammonia by AC
½ filter extracted in 10 ml 1:11 hydrogen peroxide: DDW dilution
Whole filter without extraction
Elemental analysis or morphological analysis for lichen studies
Sulfur dioxide by IC
Hydrogen sulfide by XRF as sulfur
½ filter extracted in 10 ml DDW
10 ml for anions and cationse by IC, AC, and AAS, acidified to pH 2 with HCl
1 ml for total WSOC by thermal/optical carbon
Filtration of 5 ml through 0.2 µm PTFE syringe filter
1 ml speciated WSOC separated into three classes: NC, MDA, and PA by HPLC-IEC and UV/Vis detection at 254 nm
1 ml for NC speciation (e.g., carbohydrates) by IC-PAD
1 ml for MDA speciation (e.g., organic acids) by IC with conductivity detector
1 ml for PA speciation (e.g., HULIS) by HPLC–SEC–ELSD–UV/VIS
a Analytical Instruments: AAS: Atomic absorption spectroscopy AC: Automated colorimetry ELSD: Evaporative light scattering
detector HPLC-IEC: High performance liquid
chromatography with an ion exchange column
IC: Ion chromatography IC-PAD: IC with pulsed amperometric
detector ICP-MS: Inductively coupled plasma –
mass spectrometry PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene SEC: Size-exclusion chromatography TD-GC/MS: Thermal desorption-gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry UV/VIS: Ultraviolet detector XRF: X-ray fluorescence Observables OC: Organic carbon EC: Elemental carbon HULIS: Humic-like substances MDA: Mono/dicarboxylic acids NC: Neutral/basic compounds PA: Polycarboxylic acids
b Al – U (see Table 7-1) c 124 organic marker species (see
Table 7-1) d Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu,
Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Pb204, 205, 206, 207, 208
e Cl-, NO2, NO3-, PO4
=, SO4= (by
IC); NH4+ (by AC); Na+, Mg++, K+,
and Ca++ (by AAS)
BC, EC, babs
BC = 1.39 x EC - 62R2 = 0.96
babs = 15.9 x EC - 1400R2 = 0.83
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
EC Concentration (µg/m3)
b abs
(mM
-1)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
BC
Con
cent
ratio
n (µ
g/m
3 )
babsBC