“You’ll find that the only thing you can doeasily is be wrong,

and that’s hardly worth the effort”

Norton Juster The Phantom Tollbooth

i. Surface Ocean Circulationii.Deep Ocean Circulation

OceanographyOceanographyLecture 13Lecture 13

Ekman Transport2) Upwelling:If wind blows parallel to a shore in the proper direction Ekmantransport moves near-surface water offshore. Water must thenrise from below to compensate for seaward surface flow.

Upwelling: BiogeochemistryUpwelling: Biogeochemistry

1) Ekman TransportUpwelling: Peru; California; Africa; Australia

Deep water circulation: A model

Caballing:When two watermasses merge, thecombination of theirtemperatures andsalinities results indensification vertical advection ofwater

High latitudes (>60ºN and S) Deep water circulation: A model

Density Structure of the Oceans: Depth

The Ocean can be divided into three structures:Surface layer; Pycnocline; Deep-layer.

Density Structure of the Atlantic Ocean: A model

Density Structure of the Pacific Ocean Density Structure of the Indian Ocean

Grand scheme of things… Deep water circulation:

Density Structure of the Ocean: A “simple”model

Water convection: A “simple”model Density Structure of the Ocean: A “complex”model

Grand scheme of things… Surface circulation: Warm and cold currents Balance of Earth Heat budget