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103o 00 '48o 00 '

North Dakota Geological Survey100K Series: Wlst - g - Kik - b Deep Geothermal Resources: Estimated Temperatures at the Base of the Inyan Kara Formation

R. 103 W.

T. 15

7 N.

T. 15

5 N.

T. 15

3 N.

T. 15

2 N.

T. 15

4 N.

R. 101 W. R. 100 W. R. 99 W. R. 98 W. R. 96 W.R. 97 W.

R. 104 W. R. 102 W.R. 103 W. R. 101 W. R. 100 W. R. 99 W. R. 98 W. R. 97 W.

T. 15

6 N.

Carto graphic Compilation : Elroy L. Kadrmas

R. 95 W.R. 102 W.

Edward C. Murphy, State GeologistLynn D. Helms, Director Dept. of Mineral Resources

T. 15

8 N.

R. 96 W.

Williston 100K Sheet, North Dakota 1983 Magne tic NorthDeclinati on at Center of S hee t

13o 30'

Note: This map was expanded beyond the normal Williston 100k Sheet to include anadditional width of two miles to the Montana border.

Williston 100K Sheet, North Dakota

165166167168169

170

172173174175176177

178

180181182183184185

187

193Temperature/oF

164188189190191192

Geologic SymbolsDepth (in feet from surface)To Base of Inyan Kara Formation

Adjoining 100K Maps

Mercato r Projection 1927 N orth American Datum

Shaded Relief - Vertical Ex ag geration 9 xStand ard parallel 48 o 00' Central meridian 1 03o 30'

0 1 2 3 4

Miles

Scale 1:100,000

186Other Features

Water

County Boundary

Unpaved Road

Stream - Inte rmittent

Paved Road

River/Stream - Perennial

Sta te Highway(/85 Federal Highway

1806

179 171

Lorraine A. Manz2007

ReferencesGosnold, W.D. Jr. , 1984, Geothermal Resource Assessment for North Dakota. Final Report: U.S. Departmentof Energy Bulletin No. 84-04-MMRRI-04.

Where:To = Surface temperature (in oC)Zi = Thickness of the overlying rock layer (in meters )Ki = Thermal conductivity of the overlying rock layern = Number of overlying rock layersQ = Regional heat flow

T = To + Zi(Q/Ki) n

i 1

There are no reliable data sets for North Dakota that either list, or enable determination byextrapolation, subsurface temperatures for Cretaceous rocks. Bottom hole temperatures from oilwell logs are unreliable and to assume that a simple linear relationship exists betweentemperature and depth would be incorrect. Although grossly linear the geothermal gradient inthe upper lithosphere is significantly affected by thermal variables (heat flow and thermalconductivity) in the earth's crust. Any method used to accurately calculate subsurfacetemperatures must therefore take these factors into account. Provided the subsurfacestratigraphy is known, Gosnold (1984) showed that at a given depth (Z) the temperature (T) canbe represented by the following equation:

Figure 1. Generalized stratigraphy of the Dakota Group.

oF

The Dakota Group contains the shallowest of four major geothermal aquifers that occur in theWilliston Basin. It lies unconformably above the Jurassic-age Swift Formation. The mapshows calculated temperatures ( ) for the base of the Inyan Kara Formation, the oldestof the four rock units that comprise the Dakota Group (fig . 1).

http://www.smu.edu/geothermal/

100oGeothermal energy is a renewable resource capable of producing an uninterrupted supply ofelectrical power and heat. In stable sedimentary basins, low-temperature energy ( < F)is extracted from the shallow subsurface (~8-400 feet) for use in domestic andcommercial heating and cooling systems. Historically, deeper, hotter resources in these regionshave not been developed because they were not economical. However, as the nationexplores ways to reduce its dependency on foreign energy sources and also begins to lookmore closely at renewable energy, accessing deep geothermal energy resources,particularly via existing oil and gas wells, is attracting a great deal of interest( ).

For the data set used to produce this map K and Q were assumed to be constants. Mean surface temperature was calculated from monthly station normals (atBismarck Municipal Airport, Fargo Hector Airport, Grand Forks International Airport,and Williston Sloulin Airport) for the period 1971 to 2000

(T0 = 5.1o C [41o F])T0,

http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim81/NDnorm.pdf( ).Thermal conductivities (K) for formations overlying the Inyan Kara are shown in Table 1 .

Regional heat flow (Q= 62 mW/m2) was averaged from statewide data.Rock units and thicknesses were obtained from oil well log tops (July 2006 update).Temperatures were only calculated for wells where all relevant log tops were given sinceomissions (particularly for the Pierre Formation) do not necessarily imply that units are absent.Metadata used in the compilation of this map is available on CD.

Formation Thermal Conductivity (W/M K)Late Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogeneclays, s ilts and sands PierreGreenhornMowry, Newcastle, Skull Creek

1.71.21.21.2

Table 1: Thermal conductivity estimates from Gosnold (1984)Inyan Kara 1.6

Age (

MYr

)Pe

riod

100

140

Rock Column Rock Unit Descr iption

Mowry

Newcastle

Skull Creek

Inyan Kara

CRET

ACEO

US

Sandstone, l ight-gray, f ine- to me dium-gra ine d, silty; sha le,medium- to da rk-gra y, soft, lumpy, fissile, micac eous.

Sha le, me dium- to da rk- gray, soft, mic aceous, lumpyto ma ssive, spongy; includes beds of bentonitic cla y.

Sha le, me dium- to da rk- gray, micace ous, soft flaky tolumpy; sa ndstone , fine-grained, fr iable, c alcareous,light-gray, glauconiti c; trace s of pyrite and whitebentonitic cla y.

Upper pa rt: marine sa ndstone , light-gra y, fi ne to coarse,quartzose ; shale, gra y, silty, lumpy. Lower part: nonma rine sa ndstone , me dium to coarse ,quartzose ; occa si onal lense s of gray, be ntonitic shalecommonly contains Mn-FeCo3 spherulit es.

Swift Sha le, da rk-gra y to greenish, f issile, waxy, silty cal careous;loc al limestone and glauconi tic sandstone.

! Data Points. Selected points show temperature in oF

193