North Dakota Geological Survey

The subsurface storage potential

in the Stutsman County Area By

Timothy O. Nesheim

Geological Investigation No. 202

North Dakota Geological Survey

Edward C. Murphy, State Geologist

Lynn D. Helms, Director Dept. of Mineral Resources

2017

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figures

Figure 1 Map of North Dakota with study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 2 Schematic west to east cross-section of the study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 3 Structure contour map of the Inyan Kara Formation top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 4 Cross-section of the Inya Kara Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 5 Structure contour map of the basal Lodgepole Formation porosity zone top . . . . . . . 10

Figure 6 Cross-section of the basal Lodgepole Formation porosity zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 7 Structure contour map of the Black Island Formation top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 8 West to east cross-section of the Black Island and Deadwood Formations . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 9 Southwest to northeast cross-section of the Black Island and Deadwood Fms . . . . . . 14

Figure 10 Porosity vs permeability data for the Lodgepole and Black Island Formations . . . . . . 15

Table

Table 1 Core analysis data for the Lodgepole and Black Island Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

i

INTRODUCTION

In the fall of 2014, plans were announced to construct a large fertilizer plant in the vicinity of Jamestown

(Stutsman County), North Dakota. The proposed fertilizer plant design included converting natural gas

into nitrogen fertilizer, a process that would have created waste that in turn would have needed to be

periodically disposed of. One potential disposal method for waste fluid would be injection into buried

layers of porous sedimentary rock, similar to the disposal of produced water from oil and gas wells in

western North Dakota. The North Dakota Geological Survey (NDGS) began a project to identify potential

zones of porous sedimentary rock that might be suitable for subsurface injection/disposal beneath

Stutsman County and the surrounding area (Figs. 1 and 2). Although the proposed fertilizer plant

construction plans were later tabled, the NDGS continued its project to completion in the event that a

similar need for subsurface waste disposal in the Stutsman County area should arise again.

GEOLOGY

Stutsman County is positioned along the eastern margins of the oil and gas productive Williston Basin.

Sedimentation within the Williston Basin began approximately 500 million years ago during the

Cambrian with the deposition of the Deadwood Formation (Murphy et al., 2009). The majority of the

older (Paleozoic), more deeply buried sedimentary formations consist of carbonate rock while the

younger (Mesozoic-Cenozoic), shallower formations are predominantly clastic (Murphy et al., 2009).

These various clastic and carbonate sedimentary layers all dip gently westwards towards the center of

the basin. Beneath the sedimentary cover are igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Superior Province,

which formed prior to and have been tectonically stable since at least 2.4 billion years before present

(Nesheim, 2012).

METHODS

Wireline logs and lithological reports from the fifty-one wells within the study area were examined to

identify relatively thick (10’s of feet) and porous (>15% porosity) sedimentary rock intervals positioned

below the Cretaceous Pierre Formation that display some level of regional continuity. The Pierre

Formation is composed of upwards of 2,300 feet of marine shale that underlies most of the fresh water

aquifers utilized across North Dakota (Murphy et al., 2009). Isopach (thickness) and structure contour

(feet below sea level) maps were then completed for each identified interval using available wireline

logs. Lithological descriptions for each porous zone were compiled using sample descriptions from

available lithological reports associated with each well. Oil well files were then searched to find core

plug porosity and permeability data for the porous zones from wells both within and surrounding the

study area.

1

RESULTS

Three zones of interest were identified that appear to have good potential for subsurface

disposal/injection: 1) discontinuous sandstones within the Inyan Kara Formation (Figs. 3 and 4), 2) a

high-porosity carbonate zone within the base of the Lodgepole Formation (Figs. 5 and 6), and 3)

sandstone beds within the Black Island and Deadwood Formations (Figs. 7-9). These three units vary in

age and depth. The Inyan Kara Formation was deposited during the Cretaceous, approximately 140 to

130 million years ago, and is buried approximately 2,000 feet below the surface across the study area.

The basal Lodgepole Formation is Mississippian in age and was deposited approximately 350 million

years ago. Where present, it is buried 2,500 to 4,500 feet below the surface with burial depth increasing

westward across the study area. The Black Island and Deadwood Formations were deposited between

450 and 550 million years ago, during the Ordovician to Cambrian, and are buried 2,500 to 5,500 feet

below the surface with the burial depth increasing towards the west. These three units vary geologically

such that the rock type of potential injection/disposal varies in lithology and distribution.

There may be some subsurface injection potential within additional units such as the Red River,

Duperow, Mission Canyon/Charles Formations. Wireline logs and lithological (drilling) reports were

examined from these and other units, and some porous-permeable intervals exist, but do not appear to

be as thick and/or continuous as those identified within the Inyan Kara, Lodgepole, Black Island, and

Deadwood Formations.

Inyan Kara Sandstones

Based on the review of available lithological reports from well files, most of the Inyan Kara sandstone

was described as light to medium grey with variations including white, red, and/or brown as well as

occasional salt-and-pepper or mottled coloration. Grain size ranges from silty/very fine grained to very

coarse and even pebble-sized in places, although most of the grain size variation ranges from medium to

coarse grained. Grain shape is commonly described as sub-angular to sub-rounded and less commonly

ranging to angular or rounded. Mineral composition is predominantly quartz while mafic minerals and

possibly feldspars are occasionally noted. Sand grains are sometimes described as frosted and/or pitted,

but can also be translucent. Mineral grains range from being poorly indurated, unconsolidated to well

indurated, hard/cemented. Calcite cement is periodically noted. Pyrite and/or glauconite are also

present locally.

Porous sandstone intervals in the Inyan Kara Formation are discontinuous throughout the study area,

and may resemble the Inyan Kara of western North Dakota (Bader, 2015; 2016). The Inyan Kara

Formation is the primary unit used for salt water (by-product of oil production) disposal in western

North Dakota. Contouring the net thickness of porous, injectable sandstone across the study area was

considered, but the available well control was determined to be too limited. Instead, a bubble map was

constructed depicting net injectable sandstone thickness for 18 wells across the study area which have

available gamma ray wireline logs necessary to identify clean (low gamma ray) sandstone beds (Fig. 3).

Two-thirds of these wells contain 50 feet or more of clean, porous sandstone that should be suitable for

2

fluid injection. The remaining wells contain less than 50 feet of sandstone and have only moderate to

minimal potential for fluid injection.

Basal Lodgepole Carbonate

The basal Lodgepole section consists of white to tan to grey and, in some places, pink limestone that

sometimes transitions into dolomite within the basal portions of the interval. Occasionally this interval

is described to contain shale fragments, chert, and/or anhydrite inclusions. The porosity is described as

typically fair to good and can include inter-oolitic and/or pin point vuggy porosity. The grain size ranges

from microcrystalline to occasionally course crystalline with both oolitic and fossil fragment grains.

Crinoid fossils were mentioned within one well. The interval is often at least chalky in part and can also

be very dense, non-chalky.

The high porosity carbonate interval within the basal portions of the Lodgepole Formation is typically

100 ft. thick or more where present and extends continuously across the western half of the study area

(Figs. 5 and 6). This interval thins and subcrops (pinches out) in the sub-surface within a several mile

stretch along a north-northeast to south-southwest trend. Thirteen sidewall cores were collected and

analyzed from this interval from True Oil Company’s Juliar 31-35 (NDIC: 11653, API: 33-103-00024-00-

00, Sec. 35 - T148N - R70W), located north of the study area. The porosity of the samples ranged from

14.0% to 23.9% with permeability values of 0.5 to 14 millidarcies and a positive porosity-permeability

trend (Fig. 10, Table 1).

Black Island Sandstones

Sandstone within the Black Island Formation is composed of transparent/colorless to white to light tan-

brown, primarily fine grained, sub-rounded to rounded quartz grains. Grain size does range in places

from very fine to coarse grained and occasionally sub-angular grains may be present. Porosity is

described as fair to excellent inter-granular. Red dolomitic cement and shale along with pyrite occur in

some places. Calcite cement may also be present, but in general Black Island sandstone in the study

area appears to be poorly cemented and contains loose (friable) quartz sand grains.

The Black Island Formation is present throughout most of the study area and is only absent in the south-

central portions of Stutsman County (Fig. 7). The area where the Black Island Formation (and the

underlying Deadwood Fm.) is absent appears to correlate with the Stutsman High, a structural feature

identified by Ballard (1963). The Black Island Formation is roughly 10-20 feet thick where present, and

thins slightly towards the east. Sidewall core plug data for the Black Island from the Juliar 31-35 includes

porosity values of 15.9 to 20.7% with permeability values of 1.2 to 4.5 millidarcies (Fig. 10, Table 1).

However, the Black Island consists of shaly sandstone within the Juliar 31-35, whereas throughout the

study area is mostly clean, non-shaly sandstone. The lower clay (shale) content across the study area

should increase the permeability of the Black Island sandstone.

3

Deadwood Sandstones

Sandstone within the Deadwood Formation ranges from pale red to reddish orange-brown to

white/clear in color. Grain size is typically fine to medium and sub-rounded in shape; although they can

also be angular to sub-angular and/or rounded to well-rounded as well. Deadwood sandstone beds are

also commonly glauconitic and sometimes dolomitic in part. Calcite cement is commonly noted and the

sandstone ranges from friable to moderately consolidated. Porosity is described as fair to good.

Overall, the Deadwood Formation thins eastward across the study area, decreasing in thickness from

over 200 feet to being absent along the eastern edges of the study area (Fig. 8). The Deadwood

Formation is also absent over the Stutsman High in south-central Stutsman County, similar to the

overlying Black Island Formation (Fig. 7). As the Deadwood thins eastward, it also appears to become

more clay-rich (shaly) based on lithological reports and increasing gamma ray and SP wireline log

signatures (Fig. 9). These changes likely decrease the overall permeability of Deadwood sandstone beds

and their potential as a target for fluid injection.

The Deadwood Formation lies directly over the Precambrian basement (Figs. 8 and 9). Many of the

faults within North Dakota likely originate within the Precambrian basement and extend upwards (to

various degrees) into the overlying sedimentary cover. Fluid injection into rock within close lateral and

vertical proximity to pre-existing faults can lead to induced seismicity (NAS, 2012). Fluid injection

increases the pore pressure within the host rock, which in turn can alter the stress regime of a nearby

fault and allow slippage or movement along the fault plane resulting in a seismic event (NAS, 2012).

Therefore, additional study and extra precautions may be necessary before utilizing the Deadwood

Formation for subsurface fluid injection within any area of North Dakota.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The Inyan Kara Formation is the shallowest potential injection unit identified and examined in this paper

and extends across the entire study area. However, the variable net thickness of porous sandstone

within the Inyan Kara means there is risk that the Inyan Kara could be barren of, or contain minimal,

injectable sandstone within a given location. The Inyan Kara Formation is the primary unit for the

disposal of produced water from oil and gas production across western and north-central North Dakota,

and therefore should be suitable for similar subsurface injection in eastern North Dakota, provided it

contains adequate net thicknesses of porous sandstone.

The basal carbonate section of the Lodgepole Formation is continuously thick and at least partially

porous where present. However, it is absent in roughly the eastern third of the study area based upon

the wireline logs and lithological information reviewed. Therefore, the eastern third of the study area

has negligible potential for subsurface injection for this interval. The basal Lodgepole Formation

(Madison Group) is utilized for subsurface injection in southwestern North Dakota (Bowman County) for

4

the produced water from oil wells, and therefore may be similarly suitable in eastern North Dakota

where present.

Both the Black Island and Deadwood Formations appear to contain some quantity of porous quartz

sandstone across most of the study area. However, like the basal porous carbonate interval of the

overlying Lodgepole Formation, the quantity and quality of porous sandstone within both these

formations appear to decrease towards the eastern margins of the study area. These units are also

buried below the Inyan Kara and Lodgepole Formations and therefore would be the most costly to drill

and operate.

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sist

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3,300 3,400 3,500

3,200 3,300 3,400

2,600 2,700 2,800

2,600 2,700 2,800

2,700 2,800 2,900

1159

933

-103

-000

23-0

0-00

Sec.

28

- T14

5N -

R70

WTr

ue O

il C

ompa

nyK

rueg

er #

42-4

8K

.B. =

1,8

57 ft

602

33-0

93-0

0007

-00-

00Se

c. 4

- T1

43N

- R

69W

S. D

. Joh

nson

Dril

ling

Co.

J. J.

John

son

#1K

.B. =

1,9

44 ft

671

33-0

93-0

0012

-00-

00Se

c. 1

2 - T

140N

- R

67W

Cal

vert

Expl

orat

ion

Co.

Geo

rge

Gan

ser #

1K

.B. =

1,9

00 ft

670

33-0

93-0

0011

-00-

00Se

c. 2

4 - T

139N

- R

67W

Cal

vert

Expl

orat

ion

Co.

D. C

. Woo

d #1

K.B

. = 1

,874

ft

7415

33-0

93-0

0021

-00-

00Se

c. 2

8 - T

137N

- R

67W

Kis

sing

er P

etro

leum

Cor

pSt

ern

#1-2

8K

.B. =

2,1

00 ft

undifferentiatedLodgepole FormationDevonianMississippianC

C’

Nor

thw

est

Sout

h

Figu

re 6

. Cro

ss-s

ectio

n of

the

low

er L

odge

pole

For

mat

ion

with

the

poro

us ca

rbon

ate

inte

rval

colo

red

yello

w.

The

loca

tion

of C

-C’ i

s di

spla

yed

on th

e Fi

gure

5 m

ap.

List

ed a

bove

eac

h cr

oss-

sect

ion

wel

l in

desc

endi

ng o

rder

incl

udes

: the

Nor

th D

akot

a In

dust

rial

Com

miss

ion

wel

l num

ber,

API

wel

l num

ber,

orig

inal

wel

l ope

rato

r, or

igin

al w

ell n

ame,

sect

ion-

tow

nshi

p-ra

nge,

and

kel

ly b

ushi

ng

elev

atio

n.

11

-500 ft

-1,000 ft

-1,500 ft

-2,000 ft

-2,500 ft

-3,000 ft

-3,500 ft

E

E’

DD

’

-1,7

62

110

-2,4

20

218

-3,3

94

241

-2,1

18

137

-3,0

77

-2,2

07

148

-1,6

80

103

-2,0

73

143

-1,8

26 0

-1,9

29

124

-1,8

93

137

-1,7

61 0

-1,7

73

98

-1,6

32

87

-1,6

40 89

-3,1

04

-1,3

60

64

-1,0

34

43

-3,1

24

127

-1,2

94

70

-1,6

47

103

-474 30

-882 47

-1,4

63

86

- 0

ft

Gro

ss T

hick

ness

of

Blac

k Is

land

and

D

eadw

ood

Form

atio

ns

- 0<

30 ft

- 30

-60

ft -

60-9

0 ft

- 90

-120

ft -

120-

150

ft -

150-

180

ft -

180-

210

ft -

210-

240

ft -

240-

270

ft

Figu

re 7

. Iso

pach

of t

he B

lack

Isla

nd a

nd D

eadw

ood

Form

atio

ns (b

lue

colo

ring)

and

stru

ctur

e co

ntou

rs o

n th

e Bl

ack

Isla

nd F

orm

atio

n to

p (b

lack

line

s).

Blac

k do

ts d

ispla

y w

ell c

ontr

ol w

ith th

e su

b-se

a le

vel d

epth

in fe

et o

f the

Bla

ck Is

land

For

mat

ion

top

liste

d ab

ove

each

wel

l and

th

e co

mbi

ned

Blac

k Is

land

-Dea

dwoo

d Fo

rmat

ion

net t

hick

ness

in fe

et li

sted

bel

ow.

12

2,100 ft.2,000 ft.1,900 ft.

3,200 ft. 3,300 ft. 3,400 ft.

5,600 ft.5,500 ft.5,400 ft.5,300 ft.

Res

istiv

ity2

200

SPR

esis

tivity

220

0SP

Res

istiv

ity2

200

SP

Deadwood FormationWinnipeg Group

Icebox Fm.

Bla

ckIs

l. Fm

.

#24

33-0

43-0

0003

-00-

00Se

c. 3

6, T

141N

, R73

WM

agno

lia P

etro

leum

Co.

Nor

th D

akot

a St

ate

“A”

#1K

.B. =

1,9

68 ft

.

#370

33-0

93-0

0005

-00-

00N

WN

W S

ec. 2

1, T

140N

, R65

WH

. Han

son

Oil

Synd

icat

eR

ed O

gilv

ie #

1K

.B. =

1,5

73 ft

.

#464

033

-003

-000

04-0

0-00

SESW

Sec

. 9, T

140N

, R59

WJ.

M. J

ohns

ton

Alla

n E.

Vig

#1

K.B

. = 1

,440

ft.

Cambrian PCOrdovician

- san

dsto

neCo

re L

itho

logi

es:

- sha

ly s

ands

tone

- sha

le

- gra

nite

core

din

terv

al

DD’

Wes

tEa

st

Figu

re 8

. W

est t

o ea

st cr

oss-

sect

ion

of th

e Bl

ack

Isla

nd a

nd D

eadw

ood

Form

atio

ns w

ith p

oten

tially

por

ous s

ands

tone

inte

rval

s co

lore

d in

yel

low

. Th

e lo

catio

n of

D-D

’ is d

ispla

yed

on th

e Fi

gure

7 m

ap.

List

ed a

bove

eac

h cr

oss-

sect

ion

wel

l in

desc

endi

ng

orde

r inc

lude

s: th

e N

orth

Dak

ota

Indu

stria

l Com

miss

ion

wel

l num

ber,

API

wel

l num

ber,

orig

inal

wel

l ope

rato

r, or

igin

al w

ell

nam

e, se

ctio

n-to

wns

hip-

rang

e, a

nd k

elly

bus

hing

ele

vatio

n.

13

3,600 3,700 3,800

3,8003,7003,6003,500

3,000 3,100 3,200 3,300

3,4003,3003,2003,100

2,800 2,900 3,000 3,100

Icebox FormationRoughlock Fm.RR BIPC

Deadwood Fm.

CambrianOrdovician

Gam

ma R

ayR

esis

tivity

220

00

200

Gam

ma R

ayR

esis

tivity

220

00

200

SPR

esis

tivity

220

0-

+

SP-

+SP

Res

istiv

ity2

200

-+

Gam

ma R

ayR

esis

tivity

220

00

100

#741

533

-093

-000

21-0

0-00

Sec.

28

- T13

7N -

R67

WK

issi

nger

Pet

role

um C

orp.

Ster

n #1

-28

K.B

. = 2

,001

ft

#670

33-0

93-0

0011

-00-

00Se

c. 2

4 - T

139N

- R

67W

Cal

vert

Expl

orat

ion

Co.

D. C

. Woo

d #1

K.B

. = 1

,874

ft

#370

33-0

93-0

0005

-00-

00Se

c. 2

1 - T

140N

- R

65W

H. H

anso

n O

il Sy

ndic

ate

Reg

Ogi

lvie

#1

K.B

. = 1

,573

ft

#134

33-0

93-0

0004

-00-

00Se

c. 1

5 - T

142N

- R

65W

Gen

eral

Atla

s Car

bon

Co.

F B

orth

el #

1K

.B. =

1,5

52 ft

#977

633

-093

-000

22-0

0-00

Sec.

8 -

T143

N -

R63

WD

abbl

er P

etro

leum

, Inc

.W

anze

k #3

4-8

K.B

. = 1

,545

ft

EE’

Sout

hwes

tN

orth

east

Figu

re 9

. So

uthw

est t

o no

rthe

ast c

ross

-sec

tion

of th

e Bl

ack

Isla

nd a

nd D

eadw

ood

Form

atio

ns w

ith p

oten

tially

por

ous s

ands

tone

inte

rval

s co

lore

d in

yel

low

. N

ote

how

the

gam

ma

ray

signa

ture

of t

he D

eadw

ood

Form

atio

n in

crea

ses i

n th

e W

anze

k #3

4-8,

whi

ch in

dica

tes t

he

inte

rval

may

bec

ome

mor

e cl

ay-r

ich

and

less

suita

ble

for s

ubsu

rfac

e in

ject

ion.

The

loca

tion

of E

-E’ i

s disp

laye

d on

the

Figu

re 7

map

. Li

sted

abo

ve e

ach

cros

s-se

ctio

n w

ell i

n de

scen

ding

ord

er in

clud

es: t

he N

orth

Dak

ota

Indu

stria

l Com

miss

ion

wel

l num

ber,

API

wel

l nu

mbe

r, or

igin

al w

ell o

pera

tor,

orig

inal

wel

l nam

e, se

ctio

n-to

wns

hip-

rang

e, a

nd k

elly

bus

hing

ele

vatio

n.

14

Depth(ft)

Perm.(md)

Porosity%

OilSat. %

WaterSat. %

Lodgepole Formation

3,005 0.5 14.4 0 43.33,009 0.5 14 0 54.23,051 1.5 18.2 0 73.53,055 0.4 13.1 0 65.23,059 15 23.9 0 69.23,063 2 18.7 0 78.93,067 14 23.1 0 62.53,071 1.5 17.3 0 69.63,075 2.5 18.8 0 61.43,079 4 19.5 0 72.23,083 1.3 14.7 0 633,087 1.6 17.5 0 62.53,091 1.5 16.7 0 88.6

Black Island Formation

4,739 4.5 16.7 0 85.74,741 1.5 20.7 0 84.84,743 4 17.1 0 84.54,745 4.4 19.7 0 76.74,747 4.6 17.3 0 86.54,749 1.2 15.9 0 86.5

Permeability (millidarcies)

Poro

sity

%Sidewall Core Analysis - Juliar 31-35

0.1 1 10 1000

5

10

15

20

25

30

- Lodgepole Fm.Explanation

- Black Island Fm.

Table 1. Core analysis data from sidewall core plugs for the Lodgepole and Black Island Formations from the Juliar 31-35.

Figure 10. Porosity versus permeability of sidewall core plugs of various formations from the Juliar 31-35, located in northern Wells County, just to the north of the study area.

15

REFERENCES

Anderson, S.B., 1974, Pre-Mesozoic Paleogeologic Map of North Dakota: North Dakota Geological

Survey, Miscellaneous Map No. 17, 1 plate.

Bader, J.W., 2015, Inyan Kara Sandstone Isopach Map, Watford City 100K Sheet, North Dakota: North

Dakota Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations No. 189, 1 plate.

Bader, J.W., 2016, Geology of Saltwater Disposal into the Dakota Group of Western North Dakota: North

Dakota Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations No. 192, 32 p.

Ballard, F.V., 1963, The structural and stratigraphic relationships in the Paleozoic rocks of eastern North

Dakota: University of North Dakota, M. S. Thesis, 175 p.

Murphy, E.C., Nordeng, S.H., Juenker, B.J., and Hoganson, J.W., 2009, North Dakota Stratigraphic

Column: North Dakota Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Series No. 91, 1 plate.

NAS, 2013, Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies, Committee on Induced Seismicity

Potential in Energy Technologies; Committee on Earth Resources; Committee on Geological and

Geotechnical Engineering; Committee on Seismology and Geodynamics; Board on Earth Sciences and

Resources; Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 248 p.

Nesheim, T.O., 2012, Review of Radiometric Ages from North Dakota's Precambrian Basement: North

Dakota Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations No. 160, 1 plate.

Nesheim, T.O., 2016, Generalized Geologic Cross-sections of Eastern North Dakota: North Dakota

Geological Survey, Geologic Investigations No. 200, 1 plate.

16