Post on 31-Mar-2015
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment (chain) of LCD displays
03 May 2011Nico Krukenberg
Chairman of the LCD Working GroupTake Back 2011 – Prague
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 201111-04-23 EERA - QVKE 2
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Table of content:
• Introduction• Estimation of LCD arising and collection volumes• Context and condition for the LCD take back chain• Studies and test in EERA LCD working group• Standard development
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Main focus of the working group
Where we find LCDs today
• TV-sets
• Monitors
• Laptops
• Mobiles
• GPS
• Tablet-PCs like iPad etc
• ...
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Estimated displays arising as waste 2005-2020 in ktons EU27*
-
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
CRT total
3B CRT
4B CRT
Reeks9
FDP total
3A LPT
3C LCD
4C LCD
4C PDP
kton of panels to be treated per year - EU 27 from 2005 - 2025
*Environmental analysis of CRT-glass processing options Jaco Huisman,Osevenfortytwo BV, July,10, 2008
Summary for 2011:CRT: 1 238 800 tons 70%LCD: 490 900 tons 28%PDP: 32 900 tons 2%Total: 1 762 600 tons
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collected volumes today:
• only ~ 1-2% in the general waste flow of category 3 and 4 from public collection points (B2C)
• Main collections are done in B2B and service centers and warranty returns
• Total LCD rate only < 1%-2% of the total amount of displays
• Possible reasons:
– Lifetime is larger than expected?
– Reuse within the family (living room master bed room)?– To expensive for fast waste process service on return products– Second hand market?
– …
– Storage is easy
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Mercury content in LCDsComparison of FL/CLF/HID and CCFL from LCDs
• Mercury content in lamps*:
*ZVEI Light / Branch Association Lightings in Germany
**http://www.saesgetters.com/default.aspx?idPage=282
36 inch LCD
16 lamps
16–80 mg of Hg
32 inch LCD
17 lamps
17–85 mg of Hg
16 inch LCD
8 lamps
8–40 mg of Hg
• Mercury content in LCD back-lights (CCFL):(used in LCD larger than 10 inch)
1-5 mg / lamp**(depending on diameter)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
What says the WEEE Directive?
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection imposes high risk of mercury release in the take back chain
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displays
Step 1: October 2008 test by 6 EERA members: Breakage of lamps test (LCD displays dropped in
container)
Procedure:• Conduct the test on 10 LCD displays. 5 displays < 17 inch and 5 displays > 17
inch. • Drop the LCD displays one by one in an empty 40 foot container (height
approximately 2.80 m).• Take the displays out and by dismantling determine the following parameters:
– If the LCD panel is broken (glass substrate). Yes/No.– If Liquid Crystal Fluid is released. Yes/No. – For each display: How many back lighting tubes are broken. – Note any other interesting observation
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displays Results step 1
Lamps broken:Average: 18.9%Min: 8.6%Max: 27.5%
Liquid crystal fluid leaking:16% broken84% unbrokenRemark: only a one member site the LCD leaked
Glass substrate:54% broken46% unbrokenRemark: broken glass substrates are normally found whenother e-scrap parts hit the LCD
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Each member set up its own conditions for the test
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displays Findings:
Decision to make a study with a research centre on the release of mercury vapour during collection
No scientific approach … but general findings
- Backlighting units are partly broken- More detailed study is necessary
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection imposes high risk of mercury release in the take back chain
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displays
Step 2: July 2009 test by the research centre TNO at SRS site in Eindhoven/NL.
Main objectives:1. The determination of the airborne mercury concentration when the backlights
of the LCD displays are broken and the displays are being stored for a period of 48 hours.
2. The determination of the amount of broken backlights in each of the LCD displays.
3. Evaluation of the measured airborne mercury concentrations by comparison to the Standard for occupational exposure and non-occupational exposure.
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displays Results step 1
Remark missing knowledge in the exact amounts of mercury in the different types of
the backlights To set up a complete mass balance is not possible
procedure: Test run: 1 LCD (check installation) and analyse Hg per lamp Worst case 1: 1+2 crates of LCDs Worst case 2: 3rd crate LCDs
preparations: Airtight 35 cbm container Temperature control Ventilation control LCD from waste flow
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displays
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displaysFindings:
Graphic representation of the mercury concentration in the air during the first experiment with one LCD display
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Graphic representation of the mercury concentration in the air during the second experiment with 1 + 2 crates of LCD displays
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displaysFindings:
First carte
2 other crates
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Graphic representation of the mercury concentration in the air during the second experiment with 3 crates of LCD displays
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displaysFindings:
Temperature has aninfluence to the airborne mercury
concentration!
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
1. In approximately 30% of the LCD displays one or more backlights were
broken, so 70% of the displays remained intact during the experiments
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displaysFindings:
2. The average amount of backlights per LCD display is approximately 5 and the
number of broken backlights per LCD display is 1. The percentage of broken
backlights is approximately 20%.
3. All the ‘worst case’ experiments the airborne mercury concentration
reaches a “maximum” after approximately 1 – 1.5 hours. The maximum
concentration is 10 μg/m3. It takes approximately 16 hours to reduce the
concentration to a level below 1 µg/m3
4. In all experiments the airborne mercury concentrations never exceed the
indicative occupational exposure limit of 20 μg/m3 (8 hour time weighted
average)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displaysFurther findings:
5. The evaporation of mercury from the backlights is a slow process and will
increase with the number of fracture surfaces
6. Approximately 50% of the mercury originally in the backlights could be
accounted for. Most likely, the missing part is still inside the broken backlights
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
release of mercury vapour during collection of LCD displaysFindings:
Weak points of the study:
• Are the LCDs used representative? (age, time/hours of usage are unknown, numbers of lamps per LCD)
• Is the sampled backlight representative for other (all?) LCD devices?
• Usually no crates are put in container for collection, only device by device but mixed (heavy e-scrap like CRT TV on top of LCD-TV?)
… further knowledge & information is necessary. Also form the other
Stakeholders, e. g. producer and take-back-schemes!
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
collection
transport
Treatment
Collection, transport and treatment chain:
through LCD in container …… more heavy products broker LCDs
dedicated handlingpotential risks ...
Bulk handlingpotential risks ...
increase collection cost for separate collection and/or special collection in appropriated receptacles
increase transport cost …… lower volume in transport… special handling necessary
reloading in bulk… increase transport volume… no special handling necessary
skip container in bulk for unloading … decrease recycling rate Increase dismantling cost Increase risk of material pollution Increase cost for heath & safety
for worker
unloading … increase recycling rate decrease dismantling cost decrease risk of material pollution decrease cost for heath & safety
for worker
Advantages for depollution and
recyclingvs.
Disadvantages for cost and
economies of scale
Conclusion:
Whatever is released during collection and transport can not be utilized in appropriated treatment and recycling operations!
Potential release of mercury vapours in the complete take back chain … but usually the tendency is only give certain focus on the recycler and disregard the other links of the chain
Everything at the beginning of the chain has consequences for the next steps
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment chain:Summary
collection transport treatment
• Breakages in the test of 20% of the backlight lamps in bulk collection processes.
• Measured mercury vapours of 8-10 µg per cbm
That is:• 80% of the unbroken lamps• Does this mean:
mercury emissions of 40 to 50 µg per cbm are still in the LCDs?
• Put container in “warm” recycling plant can double the
within the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
100% to 150% more than the the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment chain:Summary
collection transport treatment
• Breakages in the test of 20% of the backlight lamps in bulk collection processes.
• Measured mercury vapours of 8-10 µg per cbm
That is:• 80% of the unbroken lamps• Does this mean:
mercury emissions of 40 to 50 µg per cbm are still in the LCDs?
• Put container in “warm” recycling plant can double the
within the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
100% to 150% more than the the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment chain:Summary
collection transport treatment
• Breakages in the test of 20% of the backlight lamps in bulk collection processes.
• Measured mercury vapours of 8-10 µg per cbm
That is:• 80% of the unbroken lamps• Does this mean:
mercury emissions of 40 to 50 µg per cbm are still in the LCDs?
• Put container in “warm” recycling plant can double the
within the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
100% to 150% more than the the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment chain:Summary
collection transport treatment
• Breakages in the test of 20% of the backlight lamps in bulk collection processes.
• Measured mercury vapours of 8-10 µg per cbm
That is:• 80% of the unbroken lamps• Does this mean:
mercury emissions of 40 to 50 µg / cbm are still in the LCDs?
• Put container in “warm” recycling plant can double the Hg-emissions
within the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
100% to 150% more than the the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment chain:Summary
collection transport treatment
• Breakages in the test of 20% of the backlight lamps in bulk collection processes.
• Measured mercury vapours of 8-10 µg per cbm
That is:• 80% of the unbroken lamps• Does this mean:
mercury emissions of 40 to 50 µg / cbm are still in the LCDs?
• Put container in “warm” recycling plant can double the Hg-emissions
within the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
100% to 150% more than the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment chain:Summary
collection transport treatment
• Breakages in the test of 20% of the backlight lamps in bulk collection processes.
• Measured mercury vapours of 8-10 µg per cbm
That is:• 80% of the unbroken lamps• Does this mean:
mercury emissions of 40 to 50 µg / cbm are still in the LCDs?
• Put container in “warm” recycling plant can double the Hg-emissions
within the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
100% to 150% more than the indicative exposure limit of 20 µg per cbm (8 hour time weighted average)
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Collection, transport and treatment chain
• Not treatment as main focus, since– LCDs are fragile products
– Today even display waste products (CRT) are handled to rough (breakage of the tubes)
• Necessary to make standards on the complete return chain for LCD displays
• Not only to focus on treatment & recycling of LCD• C2C – Cradle to Cradle – is the approach we need!
– LCDs have a significant mercury content
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Outlook ….
• PDP remain as site technology … market share approx. 10%• Is CCDL-LCD only a bridge technology but there is no marking of either “CCFL” or “LED” on the
LCDs
• What´s next:
• Display technologies for recycling remain the most challenging product area for the recycling industry
– LED – available today
– OLED
– FED
– …
Nico Krukenberg – Chairman of the EERA LCD Working Group Take Back Prague 2011
Thanks for your attention
Nico Krukenberg
Phone +49 23 06 106-907
nico.krukenberg@remondis.de
secretariat@eera-recyclers.com