The Brainstem

The Brainstem: Midbrain

The Brainstem: Pons

sleep and respiratory centers.

The Brainstem: Medulla oblongata

Contains centers for:

1.Regulating heart rate

2.Blood vessel diameter

3.Coughing, sneezing

4.Breathing

1. Swallowing

2. Vomiting

CerebellumCerebellum

Functions – of the CerebellumFunctions – of the Cerebellum

The maintenance of:

1. Posture and balance

2. Muscle tone

3. Coordination of voluntary motor activity

Cerebellar nucleiCerebellar nuclei

Is characterized by

1.Hypotonia

2.Disequilibrium

Cerebellar DysfunctionCerebellar Dysfunction

Cerebellar DysfunctionCerebellar Dysfunction

Hypotonia Hypotonia

Cerebellar ataxia

They assist in the regulation of the voluntary movement and learning of motor skills

They are masses of grey matter deeply placed within the cerebrumThey include:1.Caudate nucleus2.Globus pallidus Lentiform Corpus3.Putamen Nucleus Striatum 4.Amygdaloid nucleus5.Claustrum

LIMBIC SYSTEMLIMBIC SYSTEM

FunctionsFunctions ““Emotional brainEmotional brain

Associated with memoryAssociated with memory

Associated with pain/pleasure, rageAssociated with pain/pleasure, rage

DiencephalonDiencephalon

DiencephalonDiencephalon Lies on top of the brain stem Made of the following parts

Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus Metathalamus

DiencephalonDiencephalon

ThalamusThalamus

The relay station for sensory impulses, except the olfactory nerve

Hypothalamus

Major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.

Centers associated with:

* Food/H2O intake* Thermoregulation* Cardiovascular regulation* Hormone secretion* Sleep/waking* Emotional behavior

EpithalamusEpithalamus

Forms the roof of the third ventricle

Houses the pineal body which secretes melatonin hormone (biological clock)

Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, each of which is divided into four lobes.

Cerebrum Cerebrum

Cerebellum

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

Longitudinal Fissure

Transverse Fissure

Sylvian/Lateral Fissure

Central Sulcus

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif

Specific Sulci/Fissures:

Lobes of the Brain (4)

• Frontal• Parietal• Occipital• Temporal

* Note: Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe. It is located deep to the Temporal Lobe.

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions• Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus)

• Broca’s Area – is the motor speech area. Located on Left Frontal Lobe.

Broca’s Area

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Regions

Investigation (Phineas Gage)

Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe

It plays a major role in integration of sensation(s)

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Parietal Lobe - Cortical Regions

• Primary Sensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus).

• Primary Gustatory Cortex

Primary Gustatory Cortex

Regions

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe

• Its primary function is interpretation of VISION

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Occipital Lobe – Cortical Regions

• Primary Visual Cortex

Primary Visual Cortex

RegionsModified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe

• They play an integral role in the following functions:

- Hearing

- Memory

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions

• Wernicke’s Area – sensory speech area. Located on the Left Temporal Lobe.

Wernike’s Area

RegionsModified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Click the Region to see its Name

Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Lobes and Structures of the Brain

B. A.

C.

D. E.

F.

G.

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

A: Primary Motor Cortex

* This graphic representation of the regions of the Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex is one example of a HOMUNCULUS:

Homunculus