Nervous System at class vertebrae

Kharis Subkhan4401410010

The Pisces Nervous System

The fish have a brain, spinal cord and numerous nerves like other vertebrates

Fish also possess olfactory sacs (with nostrils) for smelling

Taste buds are located in the mouth, lips, barbels and skin

The eyes are structured slightly differently In humans, the lens changes shape for

focusing on items In fish, the position of the lens changes like in

a camera

In some sharks, the eye is covered by a nictitating membrane that covers the eye – this clear membrane helps these predators protect the eye, especially during feeding

Incidentally, this membrane is also seen in some reptiles

All fish rely heavily on the lateral line system

The lateral line is a series of pores and canals lined with cells called neuromasts that are specialized to detect vibrations

These vibrations can indicate a predator or prey or the position of other fish in a school

The Amphibi Nervous System The frog brain is more

complex than the fish brain, enabling the frog to contend with a more varied environment.

The optic lobes, which control vision, lie behind the cerebrum.

The cerebellum, a small band of tissue lying at right angles to the long axis of the brain, is the center of balance and coordination.

Copyright Cmassengale

The medulla oblongata lies at the back of the brain and joins the spinal cord. It controls organ functions.

Ten pairs of cranial nerves extend out directly from the brain.

The spinal cord transmits signals from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain back to the body.

The spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord to various parts of the body. Copyright Cmassengale

Characteristics of Reptiles—Nervous System

Brain is similar in size to an amphibian of similar size

Greater complexity than amphibian

Larger cerebrum—control and integration of behavior

Large optic lobes—good vision

Characteristics of Reptiles—Nervous System continued

Tympanum and columella

Snakes lack the tympanum Detect sound via

vibration Sounds transmit to

the columella through the jawbone

Characteristics of Reptiles—Nervous System continued

Jacobson’s organ Specialized sense

organ located in the roof of the mouth

Sensitive to smell Forked tongue

gathers odors and transmits to organ

Not present in crocodiles and most turtles

Characteristics of Reptiles—Nervous System continued

Pit vipers Heat sensitive organs or

pits on head Pits are located below

each eye Used to determine

direction and distance to prey

Aves Nervous System

Birds have well developed cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum (important for coordinating movement & balance), and optic lobes.

Nervous and Sensory System

Need well developed brain Cerebral hemispheres,

cerebellum and optic lobes

Cerebral cortex less developed

Cerebellum coordinates Muscle position Equilibrium Visual clues All necessary for

movement and balance Poor sense of smell and

taste (carnivorous, flightless, oceanic and waterfowl have good tasting ability

Hearing good External ear Middle ear Inner ear Basic arrangement of

mammals

Nervous system Birds large eyes are located near the sides of

its head, giving a bird a wide field of vision Birds with eyes near the front of the head have

better binocular vision Hearing important to nocturnal species that

rely on sounds to help them locate prey Birds lack internal ears-ear canal leads to a

tympanic membrane, called an eardrum Sense of smell is poorly developed except in

ducks and flightless birds Sense of taste helps birds avoid bitter-tasting

or toxic foods

Mamall Nervous SystemBig Brains:

A mammals brain is at least 15X heavier than a similarly sized fish, amphibian or reptile.

Humans, other primates, and whales have the biggest brains due mostly to the size of the cerebrum which is

folded for max surface area. The cerebrum evaluates input from the sense organs, controls

movement, initiates and regulates behavior, and functions in memory and learning.

Senses: Major senses include vision, hearing, smell, touch

& taste. Some animals are more developed in some

senses: exampleMost bats, which are active at night, use echolocation to locate prey and other objects.

Nervous System of Mammals

Consists of 2 parts: Central nervous system

(brain and spinal cord)

Peripheral nervous system(cranial nerves from brain, spinal nerves from spinal cord, sense organs)

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