Post on 13-Jul-2015
6-1 2006 8 Asian and African Area Studies, 6 (1): 44-76, 2006
44
* Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto
University
2005 9 5 2006 2 21
*
From Colonial to Refl ection:
A Local History of Indonesian Football
Kusuda Kenta*
Indonesia was once one of the leading football countries in Asia. Even though the international status of Indonesian football has long been attenuated, football is still the most popular sport in the country. This article is an attempt to describe the relationship between society and sport in Indonesia through focusing on a local football club.
PSM is a football club established in 1915 in Makassar, the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. At fi rst, the club was given the Dutch name of MVB (Makassar Voetbal Bond). During the Japanese occupation, it was given a new Indonesian name, PSM (Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar), by which it has been known ever since.
The 1950s and mid-60s were the golden era of PSM, starring Ramang—considered to be the greatest Indonesian footballer. South Sulawesi was at that time the ground for the Kahar Muzakkar rebellion against the central government. This period is known as the era of Fanatisme Daerah (regional fanaticism). PSM served as a powerful tool to counterbalance outsiders, mainly from Jawa.
In the late 60s the rebellion ended, Suharto’s New Order regime began, and South Sulawesi found itself more integrated into the central government than it had previously been. Concurrently, PSM’s achievements gradually declined. Ironically, however, PSM became a symbol of Makassar, receiving support from the mayor of Makassar and a local entrepreneur. Consequentially, PSM was signifi cant for internal Makassarese society rather than broader society outside of the world of Makassar.
Within these contexts, although it was originally born as an offshoot of the Dutch East Indies, PSM gives a ‘visualization’ of the characteristics of Makassar of the times. Football, in this sense, offers us an optimal chance to examine related issues such as ethnicity, regional history, social integration, and local and central politics.
45
19 1)
FIFA
Fédération Internationale de Football Association2)
1991:
186
1893
PSSI 1990: 28 1938
1)
(civilizing
process)
1995
1863
2) FIFA 205 191 2005 8
6-1
46
1
P S M 3)
PSM
1915 1
(Liga Indonesia) 2005 (Ligina XI) 28
PSM
“Juku Eja” 4) “Ayam Jantan Dari Timur” 5)
PSM 1990 80
PSM
6)
Colombijn Palupi
Colombijn 2000: 172
Sepak Bola di Jawa 1920–1942
1920–1942
3) PSM Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar Persatuan Sepakbola
2001 2005
F
4) juku eja PSM
5) ayam jantan dari timur 17
16
1973 PSM
6) 1970
1996
2002
47
1990
2002
7)
1 Ligina XI 2005 28
PSM 1915Persebaya 1927
Persija 1928
PSMS 1930
PSIS 1932
Persib 1933
Persipura 1950
Persiba 1950
Persik 1950
Persita 1953
Persema 1953
PSPS 1955
PSDS 1958
Persmin 1960
Persijap 1960
Persibom 1963
Persela 1967
Deltras 1969
Persegi 1970
PSS 1976
Arema 1982
Persekabpas 1983
Petrokimia 1986
PKS 1986
SP 1986
PKT 1987
Persikota 1994Sriwijaya 2004
.
6-1
48
1 8)
PSM
1
4
120
1950
16 17 18
M 9) 10)
7) 1934 1954 1961
1–7 3–5 0–2
1970 4-3 JFA
8) 2002 1 2 2002 12 2003
11 12 2 (Lembaga Ilmu
Pengetahuan Indonesia)
9) Andi Mohamad Jusuf (1928–) 1966
3 11 3
1
10) Bachrudin Jusuf Habibie (1936–)
30 1978
98 3
6
49
300
11)
1993a: 129
(siri’ na pacce)
12)
PSM
11)
12) Kompas “Bushido” dan “Siri’” Mengandung Sikap Patriot Kompas, September 10, 2001
1
6-1
50
PSM
1
2 19 20
2.1 13)
19
19
11
(Football Association/FA) 1863 14)
1874
1 PSM
Pedoman Rakyat, November 18, 1989
13) 1998 2002 2002
14) soccer association
51
1880
(1878–) (1886–)
20 2005–2006
17 1870 1890
19 20
(Haarlemsche
Football Club) 1879 (Pim Mulier)
14
1904 FIFA
FIFA
4
FIFA 1906
1946
FIFA 1997: 67
2.2 15)
1893
&
(Bataviasche Cricket en Football Club ‘Rood-Wit’16) FA 30 14
15) PSSI 1980; 1990; 2000 Colombijn 2000 Palupi
2000
16) Rood-Wit
6-1
52
20
1914
4 1919
NIVB (Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Bond)
1920 NIVB
NIVB
1930 4 19 17) PSSI
Persatoean Sepakraga Seloeroeh Indonesia
PSSI Kompetisi
Perserikatan 18)
7
NIVB 1935
NIVB NIVU (Nederlandsch-Indische Voetbal Unie)
NIVU NIVB
NIVU
(Voetbalbond Padang en Omstreken/VPO) 1936
NIVU
FIFA
FIFA 3 1938
1937
NIVU 19)
1942 1
17) (Europeanen) Vreemde Oosterlingen;
(Inlanders)
2005
1980;
2002
18) Kompetisi Perserikatan
19) 0–6
53
3 1 3 9
2 1999: 194
3
1943 PSSI NIVU
1920
1998
1999:
221 20)
1943 11 15 p. 20 1992
1944 3 15 p. 6 1992
1945 8
20) Djawa Baroe,
1943 1 2 8 1 15 63
6-1
54
1947 PORI Persatuan Olahraga Republik Indonesia,
1948 9 PORI
1 PON Pekan Olahraga Nasional, PON
4
1 13
1 13 600
1991: 168 1 PON 1943 5
1949 PSSI NIVU PSSI Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh
Indonesia, 1951 PSSI FIFA
1
PSSI
1953
8–0 7–0
5–0
3–1 4–2 5–0
Bethan 1990: 140
1956 11 29
120 0–0 21) GK
(goalkeeper) 22)
21) 3 23
1956
22) Le ballon d’or
1956
1
55
23) 1950
3 PSM
3.1 MVB PSM (1915 1950 )
1893
Victory 1895
Palupi 2000: 85
PSM 1915 11 2 24)
PSM (Persatuan Sepakbola Makassar) MVB (Makassar
Voetbal Bond) 25)
MVB PSM
PSM 1
23) Lev Yashin (1929–1990)
GK 1963
2000 FIFA 20
24) Pemberita Makassar (1903–1941)
25) MVB Hartwig John Paulus Van Bommel
70 PSM
6-1
56
MVB 1
MVB
MVB 1 MVB 1
MVB Prosit, Hindia Serikat, Bintang Prijai,
Makassarse Rode Vissen (MRV), OSVIA (Opleiding School voor Inlandsche Ambtenaren), Jong
Makassar 6 1 Prosit 6
MVB
MVB PSM
MVB
Prosit, Makassarse Rode Vissen, Jong Makassar
OSVIA
5 Bintang Prijai
Hindia Serikat 26)
1930 MVB 27)
PSSI
NIVU
1942
MVB
26) 19
20
27) 25) Anonymous 2000
57
MVB
Anonymous 2000 MVB PSM
1943 PSM
PSM
1947
PSM 1950
PSM PSSI PSSI 1930
31 PSM (MVB) 1915
30 40
1950
PSSI 28) PSSI
NIVB NIVU
PSSI (Persatoean Sepakraga Seloeroeh Indonesia)
1930 PSM MVB 1 PSSI I
Indonesia I
PSM
PSSI Seloeroeh
Indonesia ’ PSM 30 40 PSSI
1
PSM PSM PSSI 1950
1945 8 17 2
1949 8
28) Colombijn 2000: 183 PSSI 1980: 24
6-1
58
12 27
1946
NIT Negara Indonesia Timur,
NIT
1950 8 1950
PSM PSSI
29)
30)
1950 PSM PSSI
PSM
PSM MVB 30
3.2 1950 1960
1960
29) Kahar Muzakkar (1919–1965)
1950
65
cf. Tangke 2002
30) Majapahit (1293–1527) 14
59
50 60
PSM
2
50 PSM
1957 1966 10 6
PSM 4 2
3
1
Ramang. 1928–1987,
31)
6 1
1 PSM
2 32)
(Fajar)
PSM
PSM PSM
33)
PSM
PSM
PSM
31) Lapangan Karebosi. kare
karaeng bosi
32) 1997 B
33) 2003 4 24
6-1
60
2
1931 VIJ PSIM
1932 PSIM VIJ
1933 VIJ BIVB
1934 VIB BIVB
1935 Persis PPVIM
1936 Persis Persib
1937 Persib Persis
1938 VIB Persebaya
1939 Persis PSIM
1940 Persis PSIM
1941 Persis Persebaya
1942 Persis Persebaya
1943 Persis PSIM
1948 Persis PSIM
1950 Persebaya Persib
1951 Persebaya Persija
1952 Persebaya Persija
1954 Persija PSMS
1957 PSM PSMS
1959 PSM Persib
1961 Persib PSM
1964 Persija PSM
1965 PSM Persebaya
1966 PSM Persib
1967 PSMS Persebaya
1969 PSMS Persija
1971 PSMS Persebaya
1973 Persija Persebaya
1975 Persija PSMS
1977 Persija Persebaya
1978 Persebaya PSMS
1979 Persija PSMS
1980 Persipura PSMS
1981 Persiraja Persipura
1983 PSMS Persib
1985 PSMS Persib
1986 Persib Perseman
1987 PSIS Persebaya
1988 Persebaya Persija
1990 Persib Persebaya
1992 PSM PSMS
1993 Persib PSM
Joseph 1993: 19 The Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation
61
(bakat alam)
(luar biasa) (jenius)
PSSI
(legenda)
2004 7
溢
3 3
3
CF (center forward)
PSM
(Noor Salam)
(Suardi Arland) 3 FW (forward) 4
GK (goalkeeper) M (Maulwi Saelan) PSM
GK GK 1920
30 4
2
6-1
62
PSM
(bahasa bola)
PSM 34)
2 PSM 35)
1950 M
3 [Kompas, November 4, 1970]
4 1956 PSM
34) 2003 6 3
63
36)
1950 PSM
PSM
M PSM 37)
1957 4 PON
2 38)
PSM
3
1
fanatisme daerah, PSM
50 60 MF (mid fi elder) 39)
35) Andi Mattalatta (1920–2004) (Barru)
Mattalatta 2003
(Andi Meriem Mattalatta)
36) 20 Magenda 1989
2 2003 9
6
2
37) PSM
38) Stadion Mattoanging mattoanging mata angin
mata angin
anging
39) 2003 7 5
6-1
64
40) PSM
PSM
PSM PSSI
2
1950 65
1950 PSM 4 67
PSM
4 PSM
4.1 1960 1970
1960 PSM
1965
1971 Ujung Pandang
50
40)
1993b: 172
1993b: 173
65
41)
42)
PSM 1966 PSM 4
60 70
PSM 6 4
2 1992 26
70 PSM
PSM
1971 PSM (Ketua
Umum) 43) 1965 78 13
70
PSM
(Lotto)
PSM
70
PSM
PSM
PSM
PSM
1973 PSM 1
41) 2003 4 15
42) 1999
28
43) H. M. Daeng Patompo (1927–1999) (Kepala
Administrasi Kodam) 1965
6-1
66
PSM 44)
73
PSM
45) 70 PSM
PSM
PSM
PSM
PSM
PSM
2 2 PSM
PSM 46)
PSM
PSM 47) PSM 70
44) Jusuf Kalla (1942–)
70
2002 12 5
45) 2003 7 30
46)
70
(TVRI)
10 1972 TVRI 1992
20
1993
67
2
PSM
PSM
48)
PSM
PSM
PSM
PSM
1980
4.2 PSM 1980 1990
1970 49)
79 Kompetisi Galatama, 50) 77 PSSI
(Ali Sadikin)
PSM
47) 1 3
48)
49)
1950 60 60
50) (Galatama) Liga Sepakbola Utama Liga Sepakbola Utama
6-1
68
79
3 14
80 3
4
51)
Pedoman Rakyat, March 22, 1980
80
2 PSM
2
PSM
PSM
PSM 2
PSM 80
80
86
51) (Makassar Utama)
1980
69
3 80
(Niac Mitra) (Krama Yudha)
1
1990 PSM
(Suwahyo)
90
PSM PSM
PSM 52)
3
I 1979.3.17–1980.5.6 Warna Agung 14
II 1980.10.11–1982.3.13 Niac Mitra 18
III 1982.8.28–1983.5.1 Niac Mitra 15
IV 1983.11.30–1984.5.2 Yanita Utama 18
V 1984.8.4–1984.11.29 Yanita Utama 12
VI 1985.9.22–1985.12.24 Krama Yudha 8
VII 1986.8.31–1986.11.16 Krama Yudha 9
VIII 1987.10.3–1988.4.6 Niac Mitra 14
IV 1988.10.15–1989.4.1 Pelita Jaya 18
X 1990.1.7–1990.8.8 Pelita Jaya 18
XI 1990.11.11–1992.2.27 Arseto 20
XII 1992.9.10–1993.8.12 Arema 17
XIII 1993.9.4–1994.7.8 Pelita Jaya 17
PSSI
6-1
70
5
1992 3 PSM 26
1
PSM
2
80 1 2
2
52) 1978–1982
1983–1988 PSM 2003 9 13
5 PSM, [Fajar, February 17, 1990]
71
PSM
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PSM
PSM 53) PSM
‘TOYOTA’ 54)
PSM PSM
6 80 PSM
5
1915 MVB (PSM)
6 PSM 2 Fajar, April 30, 1990
Niac Mitra
53) 2003 9 23
54) 44)
6-1
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PSM
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PSM
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80 PSM
PSM
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PSM
PSM
Lima Besar, 5 5
Persija Persebaya Persib
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1950 5 55)
5
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1981 Persipura 1986
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Fajar
GO
Kompas
Pedoman Rakyat
Pemberita Makassar
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