Post on 19-May-2015
Human Development: InfancyBridget Nolan, Katherine Sprague &Regina Navejar
Infancy Learning Objectives
• Students will become familiar with two of the four basic learning processes in infancy.
• You will know you have learned the processes if you can explain and teach to another student: – Learning (the big picture) – Operant conditioning (cool operator) – Observational learning (I see, I learn)
• You will learn these two learning processes by: – Reviewing the terms (look for the terms) – Observing two videos and looking for the features of operant
conditioning and observational learning– Summarizing what you’ve learning to a classmate
Learning
I can think, perceive, or react to my environment in a new way.
Through my experiences—repetition, study, practice and observations, I can learn.
What I’ve really learned, I won’t forget. If I do, then I didn’t really “learn” it.
Basic Learning Processes in Infancy
Shaffer, D.R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
DevelopmentSensorimotor Stage-
Birth to age 2
Puckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.
Operant Conditioning“Cool Operator” and the learning process
• Operant Conditioning – Learner first emits a response– Associates this action with the pleasant or unpleasant consequences it
produces. • Memory (Hayne & Rovee-Collier, 1995)
– The length of time an infant is able to recognize and recall a previously learned task increases according to age (2 month old infants- 3 days vs. 3 month old infants- 1 week)
– Reminders helped infants– Context-dependant
• Social Significance of Early Operant Conditioning – Infant action– Seeks positive reaction from caring adult– Example- smiling infant (action) receives a positive reaction from an adult
who smiles in return (reaction) Shaffer, D.R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Operant conditioning“Cool Operator”
• Response-• Consequence-• Result-• Piaget: Secondary Circular
Motions (4-10 Months) – Intentionally repeats
behaviors or enjoyable actions
• Operant Conditioning: – Infant repeats action to
favorable responsePuckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.
If you can not view it on this PowerPoint, please go to the YouTube video
Click on black screen
Observational Learning“I see, I learn”
• Learning that results from observing the behavior of others• Cognitive form of observational learning:
– Observer attends carefully to the model– Constructs symbolic representations (images or verbal summaries of the model’s
behavior) • Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (pg 49)
– Observational Learning• Attention- the learner observes • Retention- retain by creating symbolic representations• Reproduction- converts images into action• Motivation- reinforcement or punishment
• Deferred Imitation– Intentionally repeats behaviors: secondary circular reactions and coordination of
secondary schemes- 8-12 months (Piaget, 1951) – By age 9 months, some infants can imitate very simple acts up to 24 hours after they
first observe them (Meltzoff, 1988c) Shaffer, D.R., & Kipp, K. (2010). Developmental psychology: childhood & adolescence. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Observational Learning“I see, I learn”
Albert Bandura• Attention- the learner observes • Retention- retain by creating symbolic
representations• Reproduction- converts images into action• Motivation- reinforcement or punishmentJean PiagetCoordination of Secondary Schemes (10-12
months): • Applies previously learned behaviors and
activities to new situations; copying behaviors begin
Observational Activity1. Is the learner paying attention to the model? 2. Did the learner reproduce image into action? 3. What appears to be the motivation of the
learner?
Go to YouTube to view if you’re not able to see it here.
Puckett, M.B. , & Black, J.K. . (2007). Understanding infant behavior. St. Paul, MN: Redleaf Press.
Click on black screen