Post on 06-Jan-2016
description
National Infrared Operations Program National Infrared Operations Program National Infrared Operations Program National Infrared Operations Program
Thomas ZajkowskiUSDA Forest Service
Remote Sensing Applications Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
http://fsweb.rsac.fs.fed.us
(801) 975-3750
Fire Detection WorkshopFire Detection WorkshopHinton, Alberta CAHinton, Alberta CA
March 2003March 2003
2002 Wildland Fire Season2002 Wildland Fire Season2002 Wildland Fire Season2002 Wildland Fire Season
Even though 99% of all fires were suppressed in initial attack, 609 of 68,230 fires became large fire incidents
28,000 firefighters and support personnel were assigned to fire suppression activities by early July
International support came from Australia, New Zealand, and Canada
U.S. Fire HistoryU.S. Fire HistoryU.S. Fire HistoryU.S. Fire History
Decade Average Acres Burned
1920 - 1929 26,004,567
1930 - 1939 39,143,195
1940 - 1949 22,919,898
1950 - 1959 9,415,796
1960 - 1969 4,571,255
1970 - 1979 3,194,421
1980 - 1989 4,236,229
1990 - 1999 3,647,597
2002 Fire Season is approximately 6,700,000 acres
Fire Costs by Federal AgencyFire Costs by Federal AgencyFire Costs by Federal AgencyFire Costs by Federal Agency
“… forest fire detection is not a simple thermal mapping job. To be effective, this system must find the fire targets when they are very small and distributed over vast land areas. The fire targets must be precisely located to be of any use to fire suppression forces.”
Airborne Infrared Forest Fire Detection System: Final Report, 1971.
BackgroundBackground
Forest Service and IRForest Service and IRForest Service and IRForest Service and IR
First project, FireScan began in 1962 Continuous operational deployment since
1967 Development of Mouse Trap FLIR 1984 Numerous papers, and technical reports Continuous evaluation of commercial,
scientific, and military systems
National Infrared Operations ProgramNational Infrared Operations ProgramNational Infrared Operations ProgramNational Infrared Operations Program
Based at the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise ID.
Presently there are 2 aircraft and 3 sensors
Full time staff consists of 2 IR technicians, and 4 pilots.
During the summer 4 IR technicians and nearly 200 Infrared interpreters help collect and interpret the data.
National Infrared Operations ProgramNational Infrared Operations ProgramNational Infrared Operations ProgramNational Infrared Operations Program
2002 statistics
• Over 778 missions flown• 1400 flight hours• Peak 29 fires per night
• 17 107Z• 12 100Z
• Average 3 to 5 missions per aircraft
• Nearly 85% of all request were accomplished.
Cessna Citation Bravo – N100ZCessna Citation Bravo – N100ZCessna Citation Bravo – N100ZCessna Citation Bravo – N100Z
Beechcraft King Air 200 – N107Z
NIROPS AircraftNIROPS Aircraft
Aerial Line ScanningAerial Line ScanningAerial Line ScanningAerial Line Scanning
FLAME – Fire Logistics Airborne Mapping EquipmentFLAME – Fire Logistics Airborne Mapping EquipmentEarly 1980sEarly 1980sFLAME – Fire Logistics Airborne Mapping EquipmentFLAME – Fire Logistics Airborne Mapping EquipmentEarly 1980sEarly 1980s
3-5µm, 8-12µmdetectors
3-5µm, 8-12µmdetectors
AnalogElectronics
AnalogElectronics
Film StripsFilm Strips
IR ScannerIR Scanner120° FOV200 lps
-------- RS-25 -------- --------- FLAME ---------
FLAME
• Completely analog system
• Output is 5-inch film strips
Phoenix DSP – Early 2000s to FuturePhoenix DSP – Early 2000s to FuturePhoenix DSP – Early 2000s to FuturePhoenix DSP – Early 2000s to Future
3-5µm, 8-12µmdetectors
3-5µm, 8-12µmdetectors
A/D andDSP
A/D andDSP
Data LogsData Logs
Strip ChartsStrip Charts
IR ScannerIR Scanner
DigitalProcessing
DigitalProcessing
120° FOV200 lps
------------ Phoenix DSP -----------
PC
------------ RS-25 ------------
Rectified Images
Rectified Images
Phoenix DSP
• Removes all analog electronics; now completely digital
• Integrates wider FOV scanner
• Moves some image processing to ground computers; dual outputs
• Replaces gyros/inclinometers with integrated GPS/IMU
Phoenix IntegrationPhoenix IntegrationCessna Citation Bravo – N100ZCessna Citation Bravo – N100ZPhoenix IntegrationPhoenix IntegrationCessna Citation Bravo – N100ZCessna Citation Bravo – N100Z
(U) Forest Service Airborne Thermal ImageryForest Service Airborne Thermal Imagery
1670 Pixels Wide by XXX Long
GeoTIFF file format
PHOENIX ImageryPHOENIX ImageryPHOENIX ImageryPHOENIX Imagery
Why a Typing Scheme NOW?Why a Typing Scheme NOW?Why a Typing Scheme NOW?Why a Typing Scheme NOW?
Requested by Incident Commanders Need to know which Infrared System to
choose for a particular situation. IR is not IR Save time and money!
Typing System. What is it good for?Typing System. What is it good for?Typing System. What is it good for?Typing System. What is it good for?
Sets realistic expectation of IR technology for Incident Commanders.
Defines a common language between firefighters and technical staff
Sets Guidelines for what is expected from a vendor.
What it is NOT!What it is NOT!What it is NOT!What it is NOT!
Rigid regulations Hindrance to technology development Barriers for commercial vendors
Based on the helicopter typing schemeBased on the helicopter typing schemeBased on the helicopter typing schemeBased on the helicopter typing scheme
Three types Based on fire detection sensitivity, area
coverage, and data products. Modifiers designate special capabilities
IR Typing Criteria IR Typing Criteria IR Typing Criteria IR Typing Criteria
Viewing Spatial Resolution Positional Accuracy Fire Detection Sensitivity
Fire Detection Accuracy Production Over Sampling Bands Product(s)
Modifying Criteria:Modifying Criteria:
Real time downlinkDigital outputAirdropsDay onlyNight only3-5 micron band8-14 micron band
Type 3Type 3Type 3Type 3
Single band usually 3-5 or 8-12 um
Might not have any data output other than what shows up on the units display
Three categoriesType 3c: Handheld unitsType 3b: Without geo-correctionType 3a: With geo-correction
Trulove’s Favorite Soap Box
GPS Antenna
1. Potential data error2. No way to check data3. Laser ranging or other means of
geo-locating the fire
Digital Data Error
LineLineScannerScanner
FLIRFLIR
Type 2Type 2Type 2Type 2
Typically mounted on fixed wing aircraft
Nadir viewing Higher production rates than
Type 3 sensors More than on band although
usually only one thermal band Focal plane arrays, multi-camera
systems, line scanners
Geo-correcting ImageryGeo-correcting ImageryGeo-correcting ImageryGeo-correcting Imagery
• Must solve for six degrees of freedom• X,Y, and Z position in space
• Roll, Pitch, and Yaw
Geo-correcting ImageryGeo-correcting ImageryGeo-correcting ImageryGeo-correcting Imagery
• One more thing needed…• Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Terrain Elevation
“Flat Earth” Leads to Positional Error
Private Sector Thermal Imaging SystemPrivate Sector Thermal Imaging SystemHayman Fire, Colorado - 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado - 19 June 2002Private Sector Thermal Imaging SystemPrivate Sector Thermal Imaging SystemHayman Fire, Colorado - 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado - 19 June 2002
Private Sector Thermal Imaging SystemPrivate Sector Thermal Imaging SystemHayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Private Sector Thermal Imaging SystemPrivate Sector Thermal Imaging SystemHayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002
Private Sector Thermal Imaging System Private Sector Thermal Imaging System Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Private Sector Thermal Imaging System Private Sector Thermal Imaging System Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002
Coverage of Thermal Imaging Systems Coverage of Thermal Imaging Systems Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Coverage of Thermal Imaging Systems Coverage of Thermal Imaging Systems Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002Hayman Fire, Colorado – 19 June 2002
Forest ServiceForest ServiceNational AirborneNational Airborne
SystemSystemSwath WidthSwath Width
Private Private Sector Sector System System
Swath WidthSwath Width
Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1
Highest production rates Multi-thermal bands
Thermal Infrared – Why two bands?Thermal Infrared – Why two bands?Thermal Infrared – Why two bands?Thermal Infrared – Why two bands?
Two bands of interest: 3-5 micron, and 8-14 micron
3-5 micron band is much more sensitive to “hot” fire, butbecomes saturated easily – loss of background detail8-14 micron band better for background terrain, but not assensitive to fire.
Questions/DiscussionQuestions/Discussion